蔡林鸿+罗元标+林宗锦
[摘要] 目的 探討显微镜下椎间盘摘除术(MSLD)和Quadrant辅助通道下治疗单节段巨大型腰椎间盘突出症中短期的临床疗效比较。方法 方便选取2013年8月—2016年10月该院收治28例单节段巨大型腰椎间盘突出症患者,其中,15例行经后路显微镜辅助下髓核摘除术,13例行经后路Quadrant辅助通道下髓核摘除术。比较两组患者手术时间、术中出血量以及术前、术后随访视觉模拟评定(VAS)评分、功能障碍指数(ODI)评分、改良Macnab评估标准评估临床疗效。结果MSLD组与Quadrant组手术时间分别为(60.33±2.20)min和(74.85±1.62)min,术中出血量分别为(30.13±0.91)mL和(35.23±1.02)mL。MSLD组术前VAS评分(6.73±0.27)分,术后3个月(1.47±0.24)分,末次(1.07±0.15)分;术前ODI评分(44.00±0.45)分,术后3个月(13.67±0.51)分,末次( 13.93±0.63)分。Quadrant组术前VAS评分(6.77±0.30)分,术后3个月(1.69±0.26)分,末次(1.31±0.24)分;术前ODI评分(44.38±0.47)分,术后3个月(16.00±0.42)分,末次(16.54±0.66)分。术后随访6个月~2.5年(平均1.6年),两组VAS评分、ODI评分术后3个月与末次随访较术前均有显著改善(P<0.001),组间比较亦差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。手术时间、术中出血量MSLD组均少于Quadrant组(P<0.001)。术后切口均Ⅰ期愈合。无手术间隙定位错误、神经根和马尾神经损伤及感染等并发症发生。 结论MSLD和Quadrant两种微创手术方式均可对单节段巨大型腰椎间盘突出症取得良好的临床效果,两者均具有创伤小、安全、并发症少、效果好等优点,但MSLD在手术时间、出血量等方面更具有优势。是治疗单节段巨大型腰椎间盘突出症的一种较为理想的手术方式。
[关键词] 微创手术;巨大型腰椎间盘突出症;椎间盘摘除术
[中图分类号] R687 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1674-0742(2017)10(c)-0028-04
Comparison of Two Kinds of Minimally Invasive Surgical Treatment of Giant Lumbar Disc Herniation
CAI Lin-hong, LUO Yuan-biao, LIN Zong-jin
Department of Orthopedics, the First Hospital of Putian, Putian, Fujian Province, 351100 China
[Abstract] Objective This paper tries to investigate the short-term clinical efficacy of microdiscectomy surgery of lumbar disc (MSLD) and Quadrant auxiliaries in the treatment of giant lumbar disc herniation with single segmentation. Methods 28 patients with massive lumbar disc herniation from August 2013 to October 2016 were convenient enrolled in this study. Among them, 15 cases underwent posterior micromanectomy and 13 cases were treated by posterior quadrant auxiliary channel Lower nucleus pulposus removal. The operative time, intraoperative blood loss, preoperative and postoperative follow-up visual analogue (VAS) score, dysfunction score (ODI) score, improved Macnab evaluation criteria were used to evaluate the clinical efficacy. Results The operative time was (60.33±2.20)min and (74.85±1.62)min for MSLD and Quadrant group, The blood loss was (30.13±0.91)mL and (35.23±1.02)mL. VAS score of the MSLD group were (6.73±0.27)points before the operation, (1.47±0.24)points of 3 months after operation, (1.07±0.15)points of the last follow-up after the operation respectively; The ODI score before the operation was (44.00±0.45) points, three months after operation was(13.67±0.51)points, the last was (13.93±0.63)points. while in the Quadrant group, the VAS score was (6.77±0.30)points, the postoperative score after 3 months was (1.69±0.26)points and the last was (1.31±0.24)points respectively. The ODI score before the operation was (44.38±0.47)points, three months after operation was (16.00±0.42)points, the last was (16.54±0.66)points. In the follow-up period of 6 months to two and half year (average of 1.6 years), the VAS score, ODI score of 3 months after operation and the last follow-up were significantly improved(P<0.001), and there was significant difference between the two groups(P<0.05). The time of operation and the amount of intraoperative blood loss were less than that of Quadrant group (P<0.001). All the incisions were healed in the stageⅠ. No surgical gap positioning errors, nerve root and cauda equina injury and infection and other complications happened. Conclusion Both MSLD and Quadrant minimally invasive methods can achieve good clinical effect on single lumbar disc herniation. Both of them have the advantages of small trauma, safety, less complication and good effect, but MSLD is more effective in the surgical time, bleeding amount and other aspects, which is an ideal treatment method of a single segment of the huge lumbar disc herniation.endprint
[Key words] Minimally invasive operation; Giant lumbar disc herniation; Discectomy
腰椎间盘突出症(lumbar disc herniation LDH)是脊柱外科的常见病、多发病。其中,巨大型腰椎间盘突出症是LDH中的较少见类型。现就该院自2013年8月—2016年10月应用MSLD和Quadrant辅助通道下治疗单节段巨大型腰椎间盘突出症,该文将两种手术方法的临床疗效作一对比,现报道如下。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料
方便选取该院共收治单节段巨大型腰椎间盘突出症患者28例,其中MSLD组15例,Quadrant组13例,男12例,女16例,年龄为25~56岁,平均为43岁;病程5个月~10年,平均2.5年。入选标准:影像学检查提示为单节段巨大型腰椎间盘突出,临床表现与影像学一致。症状表现:腰痛伴单侧或双侧下肢痛、皮肤感觉障碍及肌力下降。所有患者经过3个月保守治疗效果不佳。两组患者一般资料差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。
1.2 手术方法
①MSLD组取全麻俯卧屈髋屈膝位,腰部弓形弯曲,C形臂X线机透视,根据定位针确定病变椎间盘间隙,作后正中纵行切口约2.0~2.5 cm,选择神经根受累侧逐层切开皮肤至腰背筋膜,剥离椎旁肌肉,安放合适深度自动拉钩;将显微镜套上无菌薄膜,安放于切口正上方,然后调整好所需高度、放大倍数等;椎板咬骨钳咬除黄韧带及部分上下位椎板进行开窗;如遇到曲张的静脉,则以双极电凝进行止血;显露神经根及硬脊膜,以神经剥离子及神经拉钩小心分离保护,牵开后即可显露椎间盘,髓核钳摘除髓核组织及椎间盘组织,送病理检查。大量生理盐水冲洗后放置橡皮引流片,逐层缝合伤口。
②Quadrant组取全麻俯卧屈髋屈膝位,腰部呈弓形弯曲,C形臂X线机透视确定病变椎间盘间隙,以定位针为中心作长约2.5~3.0 cm 的正中纵行小切口,选择神经根受累侧逐层切开皮肤至腰背筋膜,然后将1级扩张套管放入上下位椎板处,逐级扩张,再置入合适深度的可扩张叶片,固定自由臂于术者床缘,取出扩张管后根据需要撑开扩张叶片,调整好显示屏视野;椎板咬骨钳咬除黄韧带及部分上下位椎板进行开窗;如遇到曲张的静脉,则以双极电凝进行止血;显露神经根及硬脊膜,以神经剥离子及神经拉钩小心分离保护并牵开,将摘除的髓核及椎间盘组织送病理检查。大量生理盐水冲洗,彻底止血,放置橡皮引流片,逐层缝合伤口。
1.3 药物治疗和运动治疗
两组均在术后1 d内拔除伤口引流片,每天静脉滴注甘露醇250 mL+地塞米松10 mg 1次/d,連续3 d;术后第1天开始练习双下肢直腿抬高锻炼,术后第3天始进行腰背肌功能锻炼。3 d后在腰围保护下下床活动。出院时嘱3个月内禁止行弯腰、抬重物等活动。
1.4 统计方法
采用SPSS 19.0统计学软件对所测得数据进行统计学分析,对组内手术前后评分采用配对t检验进行分析,组间相同时间段的比较用成组设计t检验进行分析行t检验。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
所有患者均获得随访。对术前及术后末次随访参照患者手术时间、术中出血量MSLD组均少于Quadrant组(P<0.001),见表1。两组VAS评分、ODI评分术后3个月与末次随访较术前均有显著改善(P<0.001),组间比较亦差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。改良Macnab评估标准[1]进行功能评定,MSLD组术后优11例(73.3%),良3例(20.0%),可1例(6.7%),差0例(0.0%),优良率93.3%;Quadrant组术后优9例(69.2%),良2例(15.4%),可2例(15.4%),差0例(0.0%),优良率84.6%,见表2。
3 讨论
巨大型腰椎间盘突出症是临床上相对少见的特殊类型。目前,巨大型腰椎间盘突出症并无明确概念,一般根据影像学资料,将突出物超出椎管矢状位中线的50%,而不论其在椎管的左半或右半部分,就可称为巨大型腰椎间盘突出症。对此类型椎间盘突出的手术方式存在争议。传统手术方法如全椎板或半椎板切除均认为应使神经根充分减压,从而提高疗效。传统方法需广泛剥离椎旁软组织,并咬除较多椎板,对腰椎后方结构破坏大,且术后易引起硬脊膜及神经根粘连和长期的腰背肌肉疼痛。此外,还影响脊柱的稳定性。
近年来,微创理念深入人心,微创脊柱外科技术发展迅猛,微创治疗方式越来越受到重视,并迅速在临床得到推广应用。与传统开放性手术相对比,微创手术方式有着损伤小、安全、出血少、手术时间短等优势,越来越受到广大脊柱外科医生的推崇。因此,近年来微创手术技术在脊柱外科得到迅猛发展, 追求微创化是外科治疗腰椎间盘突出症的未来趋势。其中,显微镜下椎间盘摘除术(MSLD)即是近年来逐渐发展的又一微创手术方式,它是显微外科技术与传统手术的一种结合。据相关文献报道,MSLD治疗腰椎间盘突出症取得了满意的疗效[2-5]。MSLD具有创伤小、出血少、手术时间短、医疗费用低等优点[2],故MSLD越来越受到脊柱外科医生的重视。由于MSLD有放大功能,且视野较清晰,故本组无神经根损伤、马尾神经损伤及感染等并发症发生。且术后止痛药的需求大大减少[5]。MSLD治疗腰椎间盘突出症已广泛应用于临床,该科将MSLD在治疗巨大型腰椎间盘突出症等特殊类型腰椎间盘突出症上给予扩展,并且取得了良好的疗效。MSLD组VAS评分由术前(6.73±0.27)分改善至手术后3个月 的(1.47±0.24)分及末次的(1.07±0.15)分,ODI评分由术前(44.00±0.45)分改善至手术后3个月 的(13.67±0.51)分及末次的 (13.93±0.63)分。从结果看出,两组手术前后VAS、ODI评分对比差异有统计学意义。MSLD组Macnab评定优良率为93.3%,与段丽群等[6]采用MSLD治疗LDH得到优良率94.7%相接近。因此,该研究认为MSLD是目前治疗单节段巨大型腰椎间盘突出症的一种理想微创手术方式。
Quadrant辅助通道系统是在椎间盘镜的基础上发展的新一代脊柱后路微创手术系统。此法亦具有损伤小、出血少、术后恢复快等优点。且在必要时其可进行椎间融合及钉棒固定的操作[7-8]。故其手术适应证已从起初的腰椎间盘突出症逐渐向腰椎滑脱及腰椎管狭窄等腰椎退行性疾病不断扩展[9]。其可在直视下进行开窗减压,减少了对腰椎后方组织的破坏。该研究结果显示:Quadrant组手术前、后VAS、ODI评分及Macnab评定均有显著改善,说明Quadrant辅助通道系统在巨大型腰椎间盘突出症的治疗上可取得良好疗效。
两组手术均取得良好疗效,通过该次的经验, MSLD组较Quadrant组手术时间短,术中出血更少。因此,MSLD在诸如巨大型腰椎间盘突出症等特殊类型中,其能克服术中操作的困难,且由于其有放大倍数的功能,故更能有效保护好神经根及硬脊膜,大大降低手术风险。微创脊柱外科经过几十年的发展,越来越多的具有创伤小、恢复快、并发症少的微创技术被应用于腰椎间盘突出症的治疗。MSLD和Quadrant辅助通道下治疗单节段巨大型腰椎间盘突出症的学习曲线较陡峭,但都是治疗巨大型腰椎间盘突出症的较为理想的手术方式。根据该次的经验,MSLD对于一些诸如巨大突出、钙化、脱垂游离等特殊类型腰椎间盘突出症的治疗更具优势,此法是现代脊柱微创技术发展趋势之一。但由于该研究的病例数较少,有待多中心、大样本的长期随访对其疗效进一步观察。endprint