林 敏 综述 范志宁 黄 锦审校
(南京医科大学附属常州第二人民医院消化科,常州 213000)
胆道镜实现了直视胆道内部的真实情况,一目了然,在胆管疾病的诊断、治疗方面均有独到之处。胆道镜包括经口胆道镜(peroral cholangioscopy,POCS)和经皮胆道镜(percutaneous transhepatic choledochoscope,PTCS)两类。POCS包括子母胆道镜、单人操作胆道镜(SpyGlass)和经口直接胆道镜(超细内镜)。POCS的应用始于20世纪70年代中期,标志为十二指肠镜辅助胆道镜(duodenoscope-assisted cholangioscopy,DACS)即“子母胆道镜”正式应用于临床[1]。2004年奥林巴斯公司研制出经口电子胆道镜(peroral video cholangioscopy,PVCS)后,POCS才真正发挥其作用。2年后,波士顿公司研制出SpyGlass胆道镜(外径10Fr),2006年11月经美国食品药品管理局(FDA)批准开始应用于临床。2007年,美国Chen等[2]首次报道SpyGlass的临床应用,之后陆续有较多报道。2010年德国开发出一种类似SpyGlass的系统,称为PolyScope[3],最初临床用于尿道疾病的诊治,2012年意大利Cennamo等[4]将其应用于胆管疾病的诊治。本文就目前POCS的临床应用现状进行综述。
POCS具有直视、可曲、可取活检等优势,在胆管疾病的诊断、治疗方面均有独到之处。
POCS主要用于不明原因胆管狭窄或充盈缺损确定性质,判定病变范围。内镜逆行胰胆管造影(endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography,ERCP)及细胞刷检在胆管病变诊断中的价值有限,诊断率仅为35%~70%[5],对良性狭窄、恶性狭窄诊断总体准确率为87.5%[6]。POCS可直接观察病变部位,并在直视下行组织活检,提高诊断的准确性,优于影像学及常规组织学诊断方法。Eo等[7]通过POCS观察胆管黏膜的改变,异形血管的出现和管腔狭窄程度对于鉴别胆管良恶性肿瘤具有一定的意义。Navaneethan等[8]的系统回顾分析显示,SpyGlass胆道镜下活检对胆管恶性狭窄诊断的敏感性和特异性分别为60.1%和98.0%,直视观察分别为84.5%和82.6%。Rey等[9]的研究显示,在胆管狭窄性质诊断中,SpyGlass直视下的靶向活检的准确率及效果优于细胞刷检。原发性硬化性胆管炎(primary sclerotic cholangitis,PSC)是胆管癌发病的高危因素,目前有多种监测策略。Arnelo等[10]的研究指出胆道镜在对PSC的监测中具有重要的意义,对于狭窄部位胆道镜下可以进行靶向活检,使胆道镜在PSC的胆管狭窄管理中具有潜在的价值。
Osanai等[11]的多中心研究中,经口直接胆道镜下活检对胆管恶性疾病诊断的敏感性和特异性分别为81.5%和100%,直视观察分别为96.4%和80.0%。高道键等[12]采用胃镜和(或)鼻胃镜进行徒手直接经口方式对5例胆总管扩张患者进行胆道镜检查,均操作成功,无操作相关死亡发生,尽管目前还不能完全替代子母胆道镜,但在特定胆管疾病的诊治中可起到十分重要的作用。但由于样本量较少,并且仅以诊断为主,其在胆管疾病诊治中的安全性和有效性尚待进一步积累病例加以证实。Lenze等[13]在直接经口胆道镜的基础上提出了一种新的锚技术,即在直接经口胆道镜的基础上插入一个引导探头(Kautz引导探针,德国MTW公司)进行操作,诊断成功率为90%(18/20),治疗成功率85%(11/13),显示该技术可行、安全。
ERCP联合乳头括约肌切开(endoscopic sphincterotomy, EST)取石是肝外胆管结石的主要治疗手段,但仍有部分胆管结石因体积、位置、形状等无法取出。Korrapati等[14]通过系统回顾及meta分析共纳入49项研究,总体结石清除率88%(95%CI: 85%~91%),POCS诊断准确率89%(95%CI: 84%~93%),总体不良事件率7%(95%CI: 6%~9%),结果显示POCS对困难性胆管结石的治疗是安全有效的。
Moon等[15]报道通过经口直接胆道镜治疗18例复杂性胆总管结石,结石平均直径23.2 mm,结石总体清除率89%(16/18),未见明显并发症发生。Tsuyuguchi等[16]采用子母胆道镜治疗122例胆总管结石,其中MSⅡ型47例,嵌顿性45例,直径>2 cm 19例,结果显示结石总体清除率96%(117/122),未见明显并发症发生。Wong等[17]采用SpyGlass胆道镜下激光碎石技术治疗17例ERCP联合EST取石失败的胆总管复杂性结石,首次结石清除率94%(16/17),未出现出血、穿孔、胰腺炎、死亡等并发症。Chen[18]、Patel[19]、Navaneethan[20]等都报道采用SpyGlass胆道镜成功治疗复杂性胆道结石,进一步证实SpyGlass胆道镜下激光碎石是安全有效的。以上研究显示POCS在复杂性胆管结石治疗方面有一定的优势。
Sepe等[21]在POCS下成功治疗1例胆囊管结石,Jones等[22]报道经SpyGlass成功治疗1例胆囊切除术后胆囊管结石合并Mirizzi综合征,提示POCS有可能成为Mirizzi综合征和胆囊管结石的一种安全有效的治疗方案之一。
肝移植已成为终末期肝病的治疗方法,但术后胆管并发症的发生率并没有得到有效改善,胆管铸型及胆管吻合口狭窄是常见的胆管并发症。POCS用于评估胆管并发症的原因具有一定的意义,并逐步成为解决肝移植后胆管并发症的重要手段[23,24]。POCS还应用于不明原因胆管出血[25]、乳头肿瘤胆管浸润范围评估[26]等。胆管肿瘤激光消融、胆囊管经乳头引流[27]、移位胆管支架的拔除、胆管异物取出等也有报道。
Tanaka等[28]报道通过SpyGlass确诊1例胰腺导管内乳头状黏液瘤,对胰管狭窄的诊断,通过CT、MRI、ERCP、超声内镜(endoscopic ultrasonography,EUS)仍不能明确,通过SpyGlass观察并直视下活检进行病理诊断具有更高的敏感性和特异性。2016年,Kurihara等[29]报道一项日本多中心前瞻性研究,应用SpyGlass胆道镜对148例进行检查,124例怀疑胆道疾病,24例怀疑胰腺疾病,其中经胰管镜检查确诊16例导管内乳头状黏液瘤(intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm,IPMN),直视诊断准确率87.5%(14/16);胰管结石清除率43%(3/7)。对于较小的胰管结石通过ERCP联合EST取石术取出,但是对于较大的胰管结石以及与胰管壁结合较紧致的结石取出有一定难度,可通过SpyGlass引导下胰管内激光或液电碎石[30]。另外,SpyGlass还应用于移位胰管支架的取出[31]。以上结果提示SpyGlass在胰管疾病的诊治中具有一定的应用价值。
普遍认为POCS是一种安全的操作,总体不良事件发生率与常规ERCP类似[32]。Moon等[15]的研究中,18例超细内镜治疗胆管结石未见明显并发症发生。Tsuyuguchi等[16]的研究中,122例子母胆道镜治疗胆管结石未见明显并发症发生。Wong等[17]采用SpyGlass胆道镜治疗17例ERCP联合EST取石失败的胆管复杂性结石,术后2例胆管炎,1例慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者呼吸衰竭,此3例均经内科治疗治愈。POCS最常见的并发症是胆管炎,其原因可能与碎石相关性胆管炎有关。Pereiar等[33]认为胆管炎发生的原因可能与为了取得清晰的画面,POCS检查过程中间断灌注生理盐水有关。Sethi等[34]回顾性分析一项入组3877例的研究,其中ERCP组3475例,POCS组402例,比较2组并发症发生率,结果显示,POCS组的不良事件发生率为7.0%(28/402),高于单独ERCP组的2.9%(101/3475);亚组分析显示主要是胆管炎发生率升高(1.0% vs. 0.2%,OR=4.98,95%CI: 1.06~19.67),而胰腺炎(2.2% vs. 1.3%,OR=1.75,95%CI: 0.74~3.65)和穿孔(1.0% vs. 0.3%,OR=3.15,95%CI: 0.73~10.75)发生率类似。Chen等[18]通过多中心前瞻性队列研究,证实SpyGlass系统对于评价胆道可疑病变和结石治疗是安全和有效的。Efthymiou等[35]报道一个少见但具致死性的并发症——空气栓塞,因此注气时建议使用CO2,比空气相对安全。
POCS对于胆胰管疾病的诊断准确率高,遗漏少,操作精准,并有多种操作手段可供选择,对于相关疾病的治疗可以达到预期有效的结果,因此POCS是胆胰管疾病诊治的重要手段之一[36]。随着胆道镜图像清晰度的不断提高和普及应用,胆道镜技术将成为胆胰管疾病诊断及治疗的首选。
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