李玮 崔胜楠 周智辉 董昌虎
[摘要] 二酰甘油激酶ζ(DGKZ)作为Ⅳ型二酰甘油激酶家族(DGKs)同工酶的一种,在细胞的生命过程中发挥重要作用。DGKZ基因在真核生物的脑、骨、心脏和免疫系统中表达,并与肿瘤的发生发展密切相关。本文将从这四部分对该基因目前的研究进展进行综述。
[关键词] 二酰甘油激酶家族;DGKZ基因;肿瘤;研究进展
[中图分类号] Q814 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1673-7210(2018)10(b)-0039-03
[Abstract] Diacylglycerol kinase (DGKZ), a type Ⅳ diacylglycerol kinase family (DGKs) isoenzyme, plays an important role in the cell′s life process. DGKZ gene, expressed in the brain, bone, heart and immune system of eukaryotes, is closely related to the occurrence and development of tumors. This article will summarize the current research progress of the gene from these four parts.
[Key words] Diacylglycerol kinase family; DGKZ gene; Tumor; Research progress
二酰甘油激酶家族(diacylglycerol kinase,DGKs)在真核生物中控制细胞的不同生命过程,如细胞分化、增殖、凋亡和细胞骨架重组等,能将二酰甘油(diacylglycerol,DAG)磷酸化为磷脂酸(phosphatidic acid,PA)[1]。目前,在哺乳动物真核细胞中发现了α、β、δ、ε、η和θ等共10种DGK同工酶[2-6]。研究[7-8]表明,DGKs不仅能调节体内外抗原抗体反应,还能调控肿瘤细胞生长和侵袭。二酰甘油激酶ζ(DGKZ)主要在脑、骨骼肌、心脏和胸腺中[9]高表达。本文将DGKZ的功能综述如下:
1 脑
DGKZ基因主要在小脑、海马、锥体和齿状颗粒细胞、嗅球和致密大脑皮质中高表达[10]。在对小脑长期抑郁症(long term depression of cerebellum,LTD)的研究[11]中发现,DGKZ基因通过其锚定功能刺激或抑制蛋白激酶Cα(protein kinase C,PKCα)表达,从而发挥精确平衡LTD的作用。DGKZ能诱导脑冷冻损伤时小胶质细胞的活化,达到保护神经的作用[12]。在脑海马区缺氧/再灌注模型中,DGKZ会从细胞核移位到胞质,提示DGKZ基因参与脑缺血性损伤过程[13]。敲除DGKZ基因的U-87MG细胞株细胞周期阻滞凋亡增加[14]。DGKZ参与调节LTD、抑制神经元细胞增殖,也可能是导致脑海马区缺血的一个重要基因,并且能调节脑肿瘤的凋亡。
2 骨
单核成肌细胞融合成多核肌纤维是骨骼肌形成和生长的重要环节。DGKZ基因可以直接和肌营养不良糖蛋白复合物结合进行空间调节使成肌细胞融合[15]。在成肌细胞C2C12肌源性分化过程中,核DGKZ增加,表明核DGKZ可能在肌源性分化過程中发挥一定作用,它与磷脂酰肌醇特异性C磷脂酶CB1(Phospholipase CB1,PLCB1)共同定位并相互作用参与细胞的增殖和分化[16]。另外,DGKZ基因在破骨细胞前体中大量表达,并在蛋白质水平下调导致病理条件下的溶骨性破坏[17]。DGKZ基因缺陷能够增加对增殖存活细胞因子巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(M-CSF)的反应性,M-CSF能诱导DGKZ基因缺陷小鼠的破骨细胞分化[18]。此外,DGKZ还能刺激PA激活mTOR信号来诱导骨骼肌肥大[19]。由此可知,DGKZ基因能调节肌动蛋白、破骨细胞分化和骨骼肌等重要骨组成部分,从而调节骨稳态。
3 心脏
DAG主要与蛋白激酶C的C1结构域结合,激活PKC。PKC在心脏肥大的发生发展中起重要作用[20]。该基因能阻断压力超负荷引起的心肌纤维化,并降低促纤维化基因转化生长因子-β1(TGF-β1)及体内Ⅰ型和Ⅲ型胶原蛋白表达[21]。DGKZ基因高表达能抑制DAG-PKC信号通路的活化从而抑制转基因小鼠(Gαq-TG)进展为少心力衰竭[22],并能够通过延长动作电位持续时间(APD)来抑制室性心律失常,如快速性室性心律失常(VT)等[23]。此外,DGKZ基因过表达能激活PKC-ERK-AP1信号通路抑制ET-1诱导的促心肌肥大基因心房利钠因子(ANF)的表达[24]。由上可知,DGKZ基因过表达能够抑制DAG-PKC信号通路从而减轻心肌肥厚、控制心律失常和减少心力衰竭发生等。
4 免疫系统
DGKZ在T细胞活化中作为DAG信号传导的选择性负调节剂影响RasGRP和蛋白激酶Cθ的表达,限制Ras-ERK-PKC信号通路的激活,从而调控胸腺细胞和T细胞功能[25]。研究发现,DGKZ缺陷的小鼠细胞毒性T淋巴细胞(cytotoxic T lymphocyte,CTL)具有增强抗病毒和抗肿瘤活性的作用[26],在病理性细胞中可能有抑制肿瘤细胞诱导T细胞耐受的作用[27]。而在嵌合抗原受体T细胞(chimeric antigen receptor T-cell,CAR-T)细胞中,抑制DGKZ基因表达可以增强CAR-T细胞活性,从而达到抗肿瘤的目的[28]。miR-34a基因是DGKZ的负调节剂,其能进一步刺激再生障碍性贫血患者T细胞的增殖和活化[29]。
转录因子p53在协调细胞受到各种刺激时的作用至关重要。细胞质中DGKZ可减弱p53介导的细胞毒作用,表明DGKZ在正常动态平衡和应激反应过程中作为控制p53功能的前哨基因[30]。转录因子p53发挥促细胞凋亡的作用,核因子κB(NF-κB)发挥抑制细胞凋亡作用,DGKZ缺失在基础和DNA损伤条件下上调p53蛋白水平,增强NF-κB表达,从而达到抑制肿瘤增长的作用[31]。白细胞介素2(IL-2)和IL-15驱动细胞毒性CD8+ T细胞的扩增和分化,DGKZ能负向调节先天样细胞毒性CD8+ T细胞的IL-2/IL-15依赖性扩增,提示DGKZ的药理学操作靶向控制DAG代谢可能是癌症免疫治疗的一个重要但尚未开发的领域[32]。
DGKZ基因對免疫系统调节起到关键作用,并能调节肿瘤增殖的关键基因表达。B细胞抗原受体(B cell antigen receptor,BCR)下游的信号传导也受DGKZ基因的调控。在沉默DGKZ基因表达的情况下,通过Ras-ERK MAP激酶途径的BCR信号传导的阈值在成熟的滤泡B细胞中显著降低,导致体内外对抗原的过度反应[33]。DGKZ基因在肥大细胞中也有表达,该基因能调节FcεRI与IgE结合,使肥大细胞脱粒和细胞因子分泌,导致慢性变应性炎症和急性过敏反应等[34]。DGKZ基因的负向调节能增强NK细胞的杀伤能力[35]。
综上所述,DGKZ作为Ⅳ型DGKs同工酶的一种,其过表达能调节小脑抑郁症、抑制神经元细胞增殖、调节心肌肥厚、控制心律失常和减少心力衰竭等,并且能调节骨稳态,抑制其表达能增强免疫系统作用并抑制肿瘤增殖,促进肿瘤细胞凋亡和细胞周期阻滞等。然而,二酰甘油激酶家族同工酶之间的协同作用有待进一步研究。
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(收稿日期:2018-05-22 本文編辑:任 念)