血管病相关性眼肌麻痹病因的研究进展

2018-01-12 12:58李然景筠
中国卒中杂志 2018年1期
关键词:肌麻痹垂体瞳孔

李然,景筠

眼肌麻痹是神经内科、眼科及神经眼科的常见症状和体征,与血管病相关性眼肌麻痹按照病变部位可分为核上型、核型、核间型和周围神经型眼肌麻痹[1-2]。本文对各种血管病相关眼肌麻痹的临床特点和研究进展进行综述。

1 核上性眼肌麻痹

核上性眼肌麻痹又称为中枢性眼肌麻痹。大脑皮层水平同向运动中枢受累可导致侧向凝视麻痹,表现为无复视、双眼同时受累、瘫痪眼肌反射性运动保存等3个特点,多见于脑出血、脑梗死和癫痫患者[3]。眼球垂直同向运动的皮质下中枢损害可导致垂直凝视麻痹,以帕里诺综合征(Parinaud syndrome)相对常见。帕里诺综合征由中脑顶盖前区病变引起,表现为上视不能、退缩性眼震、瞳孔散大、辐辏痉挛等,玩偶头动作可阳性,常见于卒中、脑水肿、室管膜瘤、松果体囊肿或肿瘤、脱髓鞘病、脑炎及颅脑外伤等[4]。

2 核间性眼肌麻痹

核间性眼肌麻痹是脑桥旁正中网状结构(paramedian pontine reticular formation,PPRF)与其联系纤维内侧纵束(medial longitudinal fasciculus,MLF)病变所致,可分为前核间性眼肌麻痹、后核间性眼肌麻痹和一个半综合征[5]。前核间性眼肌麻痹是PPRF至动眼神经内直肌核的MLF上行纤维受损,表现为患者眼球不能内收,对侧眼球外展时可见水平性眼震。后核间性眼肌麻痹是PPRF至外展神经核的MLF下行纤维受损,表现为患者眼球不能外展,对侧眼球可以内收。一个半综合征是一侧脑桥被盖部旁PPRF和对侧交叉过来支配同侧动眼神经核的MLF受损所致,表现为患者眼球既不能内收,也不能外展,对侧眼球不能内收,对侧眼外展时可见水平性眼震[6]。核间性眼肌麻痹病因包括脑血管病、脱髓鞘病、感染、外伤、肿瘤、Arnold-Chiari畸形、橄榄体脑桥小脑萎缩等[7]。

脑桥背侧中央部由许多小动脉供应,如基底动脉旁正中支、短旋支、长旋支,供应此处的小动脉闭塞可产生单侧内侧纵束综合征。一项关于核间性眼肌麻痹的大样本病例研究显示,38%的核间性眼肌麻痹由脑梗死所致,87%为单侧受累,而核间性眼肌麻痹可以是脑干梗死的唯一或主要症状[8-9]。此外,还有关于基底动脉尖动脉瘤导致前核间性眼肌麻痹的报道,可能与动脉瘤膨胀导致内侧纵束受压有关[10]。

3 核性眼肌麻痹

核性眼肌麻痹病因以脑干梗死、多发性硬化、肿瘤等多见。有报道显示,脑干梗死以核性动眼神经麻痹最常见(56.3%)[11]。支配眼球运动的神经核主要由基底动脉的深穿支供血,任何一条供应血管的血栓形成或栓子阻塞,都会累及相应的神经核,而动眼神经的核团分布相对弥散,故微小栓子可以仅影响动眼神经的一个亚核,表现不全动眼神经麻痹[12]。脑干不同部位病变可产生不同综合征,如延髓背外侧综合征(Wallenberg syndrome)、脑桥腹外侧综合征(Millard-Gubler syndrome)、脑桥被盖下部综合征、大脑脚综合征(Weber syndrome)、红核综合征(Benedik t syndrome)等。

4 周围型眼肌麻痹

周围性眼肌麻痹称为核下性眼肌麻痹,是眼球运动神经损害所致。周围型眼肌麻痹原因众多而复杂,血管病相关性周围型眼肌麻痹常见于如下疾病。

4.1 糖尿病性眼肌麻痹 糖尿病性眼肌麻痹的发病率约为0.32%~0.5%[13-16]。其多见于年龄较大、糖尿病病史较长的患者,也有研究认为其与糖尿病病程及其严重程度无关[16-17]。糖尿病性眼肌麻痹多累及动眼神经[15,18],但个别研究显示外展神经受累最常见[13]。

糖尿病性眼肌麻痹的病因考虑为与糖尿病特有的微血管病变导致神经缺血缺氧以致变性,从而使该神经所支配的肌肉功能障碍所致。高血糖使正常糖酵解途径受阻,同时干扰肌醇磷脂代谢,影响细胞和酶的功能,导致毛细血管周细胞变性死亡,内皮细胞增生,基底膜增厚,毛细血管闭塞[19]。糖尿病性眼肌麻痹临床表现多为急性起病,上睑下垂及复视,可伴有眼眶周围疼痛,局部疼痛发生率可以高达62%,其发生机制可能是由于三叉神经眼支在动眼神经和外展神经有少量分布[18]。瞳孔受累程度较轻,多数瞳孔改变在0.5~1.0 mm之间,这是因为糖尿病性眼肌麻痹主要累及动眼神经的中央部分,支配瞳孔的动眼神经副交感纤维行走于动眼神经上方周边部,故缺血对其造成的影响较轻。该病可在几周内恢复,可反复发作[20]。

4.2 动脉瘤 累及动眼神经的动脉瘤以中颅底动脉瘤最多见,好发于后交通动脉起始部,眶内段和管内段眼动脉动脉瘤也会导致眼肌麻痹[21]。后交通动脉硬化也会压迫动眼神经导致完全性动眼神经麻痹[22]。动脉瘤累及动眼神经多表现为突然起病,单侧完全性动眼神经麻痹,可伴有同侧头痛,特别是内眦部位疼痛。绝大多数颈内动脉-后交通动脉瘤是向外,后或向下生长,支配瞳孔的动眼神经副交感纤维位于动眼神经背内侧浅层,易受侵犯。如果单侧动眼神经麻痹突然发生、反复发作,伴内眦部疼痛,且早期就出现瞳孔散大,应高度怀疑颅内动脉瘤[23]。值得注意的是,磁共振血管成像(magnetic resonance angiography,MRA)、计算机断层扫描血管造影(computed tomography angiography,CTA)、数字减影血管造影(digital subraction angiography,DSA)阴性者不能完全排除动脉瘤可能,因动脉瘤破裂、瘤体缩小、闭塞也可致MRA、DSA阴性。目前关于动脉瘤的手术治疗策略还无统一定论,有研究采用结扎方法治疗巨大颈内动脉动脉瘤取得了不错效果,高达87.1%患者眼肌麻痹症状改善[24]。

4.3 颈内动脉海绵窦瘘 颈内动脉海绵窦瘘(carotid-cavernous fistulas,CCFs)按照病因分为外伤性和自发性CCFs[25]。外伤性CCFs是最常见的类型,约占75%,多见于青年人;自发性CCFs多见于老年女性患者[26-27]。自发性CCFs多与破裂的动脉瘤、动脉粥样硬化、糖尿病及某些遗传性疾病有关[28]。临床表现为眼肌麻痹、突眼、结膜水肿、眼压增高,前额听诊可闻及杂音。对疑似CCFs需首先进行非侵入性检查,如计算机断层扫描(computed tomography,CT)、磁共振血管成像(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)、CTA或MRA,但非侵入性检查正常不能除外CCFs;对高度怀疑CCFs或影像检查与CCFs的表现一致,则行DSA检查,DSA是诊断CCFs的金标准[25]。CCFs的一线治疗方案为血管内介入治疗[29]。颅神经麻痹通常在治疗后数周恢复[30-31]。

4.4 垂体卒中 垂体卒中是一种以头痛、视力丧失伴蝶鞍内出血或缺血改变的临床综合征,多发生于垂体肿瘤,以垂体腺瘤出血最常见,而垂体梗死或坏死较少见[32]。眼肌麻痹在垂体肿瘤患者中的发病率为1.6%~17%,临床表现为头痛、眼肌麻痹、视力下降、恶心、呕吐等,其中最常见的症状为头痛[33-36]。眼肌麻痹最常累及动眼神经,其次是外展神经,极少累及滑车神经[37-38]。垂体出血与梗死病程不同,垂体出血症状持续时间短,但容易出现意识丧失,且视力受损严重[39]。垂体卒中最常用的检查方法是颅脑MRI,敏感性可达88%~90%[40]。治疗方法主要为经蝶骨减压手术,可较快改善症状[41]。

4.5 海绵窦血栓形成 海绵窦血栓形成是一种少见的致死性疾病,病因包括感染性因素和非感染性因素,以感染性因素最常见。感染性海绵窦血栓形成常由面部、眼眶、鼻窦、耳部、牙齿、皮肤等部位感染导致,其中鼻窦炎是感染性海绵窦血栓形成最常见的原因[42-44]。研究显示,感染性海绵窦血栓形成最常见的致病菌为金黄色葡萄球菌,可占到70%左右,此外,链球菌、梅毒、获得性免疫缺陷综合征、真菌也是致病原因[42-45]。该病急性起病,临床表现主要为发热、头痛、眼肌麻痹、突眼、结膜水肿、视盘水肿,一般发病初期病变在一侧,但数日后可扩展到对侧[44]。海绵窦血栓形成治疗主要是抗感染治疗,同时手术去除感染灶。

4.6 眼肌麻痹性偏头痛 国际头痛协会将眼肌麻痹性偏头痛定义为发作性偏头痛样头痛,伴一条或多条眼球运动神经麻痹,除了受累神经MRI异常改变外,颅内未见明显病灶,往往儿童期或婴儿期起病,也可在成年期首次发病[46]。通常认为,动眼神经受累最常见,约占55%,外展神经受累不常见,滑车神经受累罕见,但也有研究显示,56.5%的患者以外展神经受累起病[47-50]。眼肌麻痹性偏头痛早期瞳孔多不受累,后期瞳孔对光反射及调节反射可受累[46]。关于眼肌麻痹性偏头痛的发病机制目前还不清楚,病毒感染、眼球运动神经脱髓鞘都曾被认为是导致偏头痛的发病机制[51-52]。还有研究认为,颈动脉及基底动脉管壁肿胀,压迫供应颅神经的小血管,导致缺血进而引起发病[53]。另外,炎性过程影响混杂于支配眼球运动神经中的三叉神经感觉纤维,也被认为可能触发偏头痛发作[54]。但有观点认为,偏头痛发作时血管痉挛导致可逆性血-神经屏障功能障碍是其发病的机制[55]。眼肌麻痹性偏头痛是一种自限性疾病,可自发缓解,但也可采用糖皮质激素治疗,能较快缓解症状[56]。

综上所述,对于拟诊为血管病相关性眼肌麻痹的患者,应仔细询问病史,认真查体,恰当应用影像学检查,以免误诊、延误治疗。

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