任 静,李 毅,杨 慧,鲁玲玲
(首都医科大学 基础医学院 神经生物学系 北京脑重大疾病研究院帕金森病研究所教育部神经变性病重点实验室,北京 100069)
研究论文
慢病毒载体介导下DJ- 1过表达细胞模型的建立
任 静,李 毅,杨 慧*,鲁玲玲*
(首都医科大学 基础医学院 神经生物学系 北京脑重大疾病研究院帕金森病研究所教育部神经变性病重点实验室,北京 100069)
目的构建人野生型DJ- 1及其L166P突变体的慢病毒载体并探讨慢病毒载体在构建基因过表达细胞模型中的作用。方法分别构建野生型DJ- 1与L166P突变型DJ- 1慢病毒载体质粒。进行测序确定比对正确后,进行质粒的大量扩增与制备并转染包装细胞系HEK293T细胞,荧光法和Western blot检测野生型DJ- 1与L166P突变型DJ- 1在细胞系中的表达。在确定目的蛋白正确表达之后,大量转染HEK293T细胞进行包装并生产携带目的基因的慢病毒颗粒。测定病毒上清滴度后感染PC12细胞,荧光显微镜和Western blot观察GFP荧光强度以及目的蛋白的表达,确定病毒的感染效率。结果成功构建携带DJ- 1野生型及其突变体的慢病毒载体。该病毒载体可以转染进入HEK293T细胞内且目的蛋白能够正确表达。LV-DJ- 1与LV-DJ- 1/L166P的病毒滴度分别为2×109TU/mL与2×108TU/mL。病毒上清可以高效感染PC12细胞,绝大多数细胞可表达目的蛋白。外源野生型DJ- 1和L166P突变体的蛋白表达量分别是内源性含量的315%和285%。结论慢病毒感染细胞效率很高,是很好的制备基因过表达细胞的方法。通过慢病毒载体介导,本研究获得了DJ- 1及其突变体的过表达细胞模型。该模型可以用于后续DJ- 1功能研究。
帕金森病;DJ- 1;PC12细胞;慢病毒载体
DJ- 1(PARK7)在细胞内主要以可溶性二聚体的形式存在于细胞质、细胞核及线粒体。DJ- 1的缺失和突变可以引起家族性常染色体隐性遗传性帕金森病(Parkinson’s disease,PD)的早发及散发型PD的发生[1- 4]。2003年发现DJ- 1的缺失或者166位亮氨酸突变为脯氨酸分别导致了荷兰和意大利的2个家族型帕金森病[5]。DJ- 1可以作为分子伴侣抑制α-synuclein的聚合[6]。DJ- 1敲除可以破坏星形胶质细胞介导的对鱼藤酮损伤的神经保护作用。因此建立DJ- 1的基因过表达模型对于研究DJ- 1的生理功能和相关发病机制有重要的意义。
慢病毒(lentivirus)载体[7]是以人类免疫缺陷型病毒(HIV)为基础发展起来的基因治疗载体,它对分裂细胞和非分裂细胞均具有感染能力,并可以在体内较为长期的表达且安全性高[8]。因其独特的生物学性状显示出不同于腺病毒载体的巨大潜力,例如慢病毒载体既能转导分裂细胞又能转导非分裂细胞;目的基因高效的整合于宿主细胞基因组内可实现长期而稳定的表达并可以传代给子代细胞;去除了原病毒复制的关键位点,提高了安全性[9- 10]等一系列优良特性。
因此,本研究拟分别构建携带DJ- 1及其L166P突变体的慢病毒载体,通过包装获得高滴度病毒上清并以此感染小鼠肾上腺髓质嗜铬细胞瘤克隆化细胞系(pheochromocytoma, PC12细胞)以建立过表达DJ- 1及其L166P突变体的的细胞系。
HEK293T与PC12细胞系(吉凯基因有限公司建立);DMEM/F12培养基、胎牛血清(FBS)和胰蛋白酶和RIPA裂解(Gibco公司);DJ- 1、β-actin抗体(Sigma公司);Anti-GFP抗体、Anti-Mouse抗体(Santa-Cruz公司);蛋白酶抑制剂、磷酸酶抑制剂(Merck公司)、Lipofectamine 2000和BCA试剂盒(Invitrogen公司)。
1.2.1 细胞培养和转染:将HEK293T细胞接种于含10%新生牛血清的F12培养基中,细胞在5% CO2、37 ℃培养箱中培养。选用对数增殖的细胞用于慢病毒转染。按照Lipofectamine 2000转染试剂盒使用说明共转染HEK293T细胞,转染8 h后更换为完全培养基。
1.2.2 慢病毒包装与病毒滴度的检测:以HEK293T细胞为包装细胞,制备编码慢病毒的重组病毒质粒及其2种辅助包装原件载体质粒,3种质粒分别进行高纯度无内毒素抽提,按Lipofectamine 2000转染试剂盒使用说明操作,分别收集含DJ- 1及L166P 基因慢病毒载体的细胞上清液,4 ℃、3 000 r/min离心15 min得到浓缩后的高滴度含DJ- 1及L166P基因慢病毒载体浓缩液,采用逐孔稀释法测定病毒滴度(TU/mL)[11]。
病毒液进行去RNA酶处理后按照试剂盒操作步骤要求提取病毒RNA,之后反转录为cDNA,继而进行实时定量PCR检测,通过比较对照组与实验组的Ct值差异可判断滴度值。通常,认为Ct值差异在2以上是存在显著差异的。病毒滴度的计算公式为病毒滴度(TU/mL)=阳性细胞数×稀释倍数×20×103。
1.2.3 慢病毒感染PC12细胞:向PC12细胞内各加入上述包装好的病毒上清(MOI=10)及polybrene(8 μg/mL)的完全培养基,PC12细胞经过5次传代,经胰蛋白酶消化分散后制成5×105个/mL浓度的细胞悬液,接种于无菌培养皿中,每皿2 mL,置于37 ℃、10% CO2的培养箱内进行培养。24 h后更换为500 μL体系不含有病毒的完全培养基,待72 h观察细胞荧光发光亮度[12],以此判断不同病毒对于PC12细胞的感染效率。
1.2.4 蛋白质免疫印迹检测蛋白表达:在HEK293T细胞系转染后24和48 h时间点分别提取全细胞蛋白,选用RIPA蛋白裂解液裂解蛋白后使用BCA法测定蛋白浓度,随后进行SDS-PAGE电泳,湿转法将蛋白转移至PVDF膜,5%脱脂牛奶封闭1 h,分别入Anti-GFP抗体 (1∶2 000),DJ- 1兔单克隆抗体(1∶10 000),β-actin兔抗体(1∶1 000),4 ℃过夜。0.1% TBST洗膜4次,加入相应兔二抗(1∶10 000),Anti-Mouse抗体(1∶5 000),室温孵育1 h,洗膜方法同前。加入化学发光液,于暗室化学发光及显影和定影。
通过亚克隆的方法,将已有DJ- 1/WT与 DJ- 1/L166P序列插入慢病毒载体pGC-LV。PCR结果(图1)显示条带为774 bp,与目标条带位置相一致, 经PCR实验初步证实目的片段嵌入位置正确,且测序证明插入的目的片段(DJ- 1/WT和DJ- 1/L166P基因)序列完全正确。将pGC-LV-DJ- 1/WT与pGC-LV-DJ- 1/L166P分别转染HEK293T细胞后,荧光显微镜下可以看到大量绿色GFP荧光的表达(图2A)。将上述细胞裂解并收获蛋白后,进行Western blot检测,可以在49 ku处看到DJ- 1与GFP融合蛋白的条带(图2B)。证明插入的目的基因与GFP形成融合蛋白,且此带有目的基因的融合蛋白可以很好地在真核细胞中表达。在后续的实验中,可以通过检测GFP的绿色荧光指示外源基因DJ- 1/WT和DJ- 1/L166P的表达。
1.negative control,ddH2O; 2.negative control,no-load; 3.positive control,GAPDH; 4.marker; 6~8.pGC-LV-DJ- 1/WT group; 9~12.pGC-LV-DJ- 1/L166P group; PCR product size: positive transformants obtained 774 bp bands, consistent with the size of the target band图1 PCR鉴定慢病毒载体pGC-LV-DJ- 1/WT与pGC-LV-DJ- 1/L166PFig 1 PCR identified DJ- 1 carrying lentiviral vectors pGC-LV-DJ- 1/WT and pGC- LV-DJ- 1/L166P
将携带有外源基因的pGC-LV质粒(pGC-LV-DJ- 1/WT或pGC-LV-DJ- 1/L166P),pHelper1.0与pHelper2.0,3个质粒共转HEK293T细胞,将富含慢病毒颗粒的细胞上清浓缩后得到高滴度的慢病毒浓缩液,在HKE293T细胞中测定并标定病毒滴度。经检测在1×10-5μL组样品和对照组样品的Ct值间存在2个左右差异,认为在1×10-5μL组样品中存在病毒颗粒。假定该组样品含有至少有1个病毒颗粒,则携带DJ- 1/WT基因的假病毒颗粒滴度为1/(1×10-5) ×20=2×106TU/μL=2×109TU/mL(表1),同样测定携带DJ- 1/L166P基因的假病毒颗粒滴度为2×108TU/Ml(表2)。证明获得了高滴度的慢病毒假病毒颗粒。
将浓缩后得到高滴度的慢病毒浓缩液分别感染PC12细胞,荧光显微镜下观察其荧光强度,确立其分别对两种慢病毒对于PC12细胞的感染效率。同样,用Western blot方法检测用收集到高滴度的野生型DJ- 1和L166P突变型病毒感染PC12细胞后,RIPA裂解液提取细胞蛋白,进行蛋白电泳实验,结果显示,WT组和L166P组与对照组相比,DJ- 1的蛋白表达量均很高,分别是内源性对照组含量的315%和285%(图3)。
A.GFP fluorescence (green) was detected under the fluorescent microscope both in the DJ- 1/WT and DJ- 1/L166P transfected 293T cells(scale bar=50 μm); B.Western blot to detect the fused protein, as shown in the above figure, an immuno-positive band was detected at the site of 49 ku which was consistent with the molecular weight of DJ- 1 and GFP fusion protein in the cells transfected with DJ- 1/WT or DJ- 1/L166P
图2 构建质粒pGC-LV-DJ- 1/WT与pGC-LV-DJ- 1/L166P中外源基因表达的检测Fig 2 Protein DJ- 1/WT or DJ- 1/L166P fused with GFP is successfully overexpressed in HEK293T cells
There were about 2 differences in the Ct values between the 1×10-5μL group and control group, and the virus particles were found in the 1×10-5group; assuming that the sample group contained at least one virus particle, the titer of the virus was 1/(1×10-5) ×20=2×106TU/μL=2×109TU/mL.
DJ- 1具有广泛的生理学功能,在信号传导、细胞凋亡和氧化应激等多种生物学功能中发挥重要作用, 建立DJ- 1的基因过表达模型对于研究DJ- 1的生理功能和相关发病机制有重要的意义。
表2 GFP-DJ- 1/L166P慢病毒颗粒滴度测定Table 2 Determination of particle titer of GFP-DJ- 1/L166P lentivirus
There were about 2 differences in the Ct values between the 1×10-4μL group and the control group, and the virus particles were found in the 1×10-4μL group; assuming that the sample group contains one virus particle at least; the titer of the virus was 1/(1×10-4) ×20=2×105TU/μL =2×108TU/mL.
A.GFP fluorescence (green) was detected under the fluorescent microscope both in the DJ- 1/WT and DJ- 1/L166P transfected 293T cells(scale bar=50 μm); B.Western blot to detect the fused protein, an immuno-positive band was detected at the site of 55 ku which was the molecular weight of DJ- 1; C.statistical analysis, as is shown above, both the WT and L166P groups were more effective in infecting PC12 cells than the control group about 315% and 285%;*P<0.05 compared with normal control group
目前基因治疗中将目的基因转移的工具多采用病毒载体,其中以反转录病毒载体和腺病毒载体最常用。但是反转录病毒载体只能感染分裂期的细胞, 容纳外源基因DNA片段长度不超过8 kb。而腺病毒载体与之不同,在感染细胞时, 病毒DNA 游离在细胞核内,且并不整合到染色体上,在体内不能实现稳定的长期表达,且反复应用容易引起免疫反应。因此人类免疫缺陷病毒21 (HIV 21) 来源的慢病毒载体越来越受到人们的重视[13- 14]。研究发现慢病毒载体最大的特点是可以感染非分裂期细胞。截至目前,已成功地应用慢病毒载体感染了神经细胞、肝细胞、造血干细胞、胰岛细胞、肌肉细胞、视网膜色素上皮细胞和气道上皮细胞等。此外, 慢病毒载体容纳外源性目的基因的片段大, 可以在体内较长期的表达, 免疫反应小, 安全性较好。
慢病毒载体因其传导效率高和表达外源性基因效果好成为常用研究工具。与其他反转录病毒相比,慢病毒有其独特优点,例如有更广泛的宿主;可增加目的基因整合到宿主细胞基因组的几率;对转录沉默有一定的抵抗能作用;可以插入组织细胞特异性的启动子或增强子,提高转入基因的转录靶向性等。其众多优势使慢病毒载体成为一种能实现外源基因高效导入及疾病基因治疗方面的有效工具,且具有良好应用前景。本实验以pGC-FU-DJ- 1为载体,KL1337- 2,- 3为目的质粒转染HEK293T细胞,经过收集到浓缩的细胞上清感染PC12细胞,所得结果显示成功建立了过表达DJ- 1的野生型和L166P突变型的小鼠细胞模型,无论是WT还是L166P,荧光观察结果均显示其感染效率较高,且Western blot证明其蛋白表达量也均较高。成功建立过表达野生型DJ- 1和突变型L166P型细胞系模型,对于今后研究DJ- 1的功能以及DJ- 1对于帕金森病都提供了条件,具有一定的意义。
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Preparation of DJ- 1 overexpressing cell model by using lentiviral vector
REN Jing, LI Yi, YANG Hui*, LU Ling-ling*
(Dept. of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Center for Parkinson’s Disease,Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disease of the Ministry of Education, Beijing 100069, China)
ObjectiveTo prepare gene overexpressing cell model of human wild-type DJ- 1 and its L166P mutant, and to investigate the role of lentiviral vector in gene overexpressing cell model.MethodsWild type DJ- 1 and L166P mutant DJ- 1 lentiviral vector plasmids were respectively constructed. After sequencing and comparing correctly, the plasmid was amplified and transfected into HEK293T cell line. Expression of WT DJ- 1 and L166P mutant DJ- 1 in cell lines was detected by fluorescence and Western blot.After determining the accurate expression of the target protein, a large amount of HEK293T cells was transfected and packaged to produce lentiviral particles. The PC12 cells were infected with the titer of virus supernatant. The fluorescence intensity of GFP and the expression of target protein were observed by fluorescence microscope and Western blot method,and the infection effi-ciency of the virus was determined.ResultsLentiviral vectors carrying wild type DJ- 1 and its mutants were successfully constructed. The virus vector can be transfected into HEK293T cells and the target protein can be correctly expressed. The viral titers of LV-DJ- 1 and LV-DJ- 1/L166P were 2×109TU/mL and 2×108TU/mL, respectively. Virus supernatant can efficiently infect PC12 cells, and most cells can express target proteins. The protein expressions of exogenous wild-type DJ- 1 and L166P mutants were 315% and 285% of endogenous content,respectively.ConclusionsLentivirus vector can infect cells efficiently, and it is a good way to prepare gene over expressing cell model. A cell model overexpressing DJ- 1 or its L166P mutant is successfully prepared. The model can be used for subsequent DJ- 1 function research.
Parkinson’s disease; DJ- 1;PC12 cell;lentivirus vector
2017- 10- 17
2017- 11- 20
国家重点研究发展计划(2016YFC1306002);国家自然科学基金(81371398, 81371200);北京市自然科学基金(7131001);北京市创新团队建设提升计划(IDHT20140514);北京市教育委员会科技发展计划(KM201710025001)
*通信作者(correspondingauthor):lllu@ccmu.edu.cn; huiyang@ccmu.edu.cn
1001-6325(2018)01-0001-06
Q782
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