胡敬宏+刘秀华+顾雯烨
摘 要 目的:分析类风湿性关节炎(RA)膝关节病变的X线影像学特征,以提高诊断正确率。方法:收集2 0 1 5年2月至2 0 1 7年2月收治的RA患者5 2例和骨关节炎患者45例,进行X线摄片,分析两组膝关节病变的影像学特征。结果:RA组中,关节间隙呈均匀性狭窄47例(90.4%),髌上囊肿胀41例(78.8%),关节面毛糙、关节面不同程度侵蚀破坏22例,关节周缘轻度骨质增生43例,明显重度增生、骨赘形成5例,未见明显骨质增生4例,52例均有不同程度骨质疏松。OA组中,关节间隙呈均匀性狭窄5例(11.1%),髌上囊肿胀16例(35.6%),关节面下小囊性改变7例,45例有不同程度骨质增生、骨赘形成改变。两组关節间隙均匀狭窄及髌上囊肿胀改变发生率差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:RA膝关节病变的X线影像学表现具有一定特征性,尤其是关节间隙均匀性狭窄、髌上囊肿胀及关节面侵蚀的改变在鉴别RA和OA的诊断中有重要价值。
关键词 类风湿性关节炎;骨关节炎;膝关节;X线
中图分类号:R593.22 文献标志码:A 文章编号:1006-1533(2017)22-0018-03
X-ray imaging study of knee joint lesions in rheumatoid arthritis
HU Jinghong1, LIU Xiuhua2, GU Wenye1(1.Chengjiaqiao Community Health Service Center of Changning District, Shanghai 201103, China; 2.Department of Radiology of Guanghua
Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai 200052, China)
ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the X-ray imaging features of knee joint lesions in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) to improve the diagnostic accuracy. Methods: From February 2015 to February 2017, 52 patients with RA and 45 patients with osteoarthritis were collected, X-ray images were taken for them and the imaging features of knee joint lesions in the two groups were analyzed. Results: The joint space of group RA was homogeneous and narrowed in 47 cases (90.4%), the suprapatellar bursa swelling was in 41 cases (78.8%), the articular surface roughness and different degrees of erosion of articular surface in 22 cases, mild peripheral bone hyperplasia in 43 cases, significantly severe hyperplasia and osteophyte formation in 5 cases, no obvious bone hyperplasia in 4 cases, and all 52 patients had different degrees of osteoporosis. The joint space of group OA was homogeneous and narrowed in 5 cases (11.1%), suprapatellar bursa swelling was in 16 cases (35.6%), the small cystic changes under Joint capsule in7 cases, bone hyperplasia and osteophyte formation were found in 45 cases. There were significant differences in the incidence of joint space narrowing and patellar bursa swelling in the two groups (P<0.05). Conclusion: The X-ray imaging features of RA knee joint lesions have some characteristics, in particular, uniformity of the joint space stenosis, suprapatellar bursa swelling, and erosion of the articular surface changes have important values in the differential diagnosis of RA and OA.
KEY WORDS rheumatoid arthritis; osteoarthritis; knee joint; X-ray
类风湿性关节炎(RA)是一种以关节滑膜炎为特征的慢性全身性自身免疫性疾病,侵犯全身各处关节,如手、足、腕、膝等[1]。膝部RA受累常导致行走功能障碍,严重影响患者的生活质量。RA发病高峰年龄在45~65岁[2],与骨关节炎(OA)发病年龄段重叠较多,对两者的鉴别诊断有一定困难,尤其对未行磁共振成像(MRI)检查患者。本文回顾性分析RA患者膝关节病变的影像学表现,以提高临床医生对该病的认识、临床诊断正确率及与OA鉴别诊断的能力。endprint
1 资料和方法
1.1 一般资料
收集2015年2月至2017年2月收治的RA膝关节病变患者52例,均符合美国风湿病协会(ARA)修订的诊断分类标准[3],其中男5例,女47例,病程3~12年,年龄37~75岁,平均57.8岁,患者多关节疼痛伴晨起关节僵硬,膝关节酸痛肿胀,部分活动受限。收集同期骨关节炎(OA)膝关节病变患者45例,其中男6例,女39例,年龄42~86岁,平均62.7岁,病程2~11年。
1.2 方法
对两组患者进行X线常规摄片,采用新黄浦KD-1800DR机,摄片条件为正位65 kV,4.0 mAs;侧位65 kV,3.2 mAs。鑒于两者病理基础不同,两组均选取30例患者进行MRI检查,采用0.2 T百盛四肢关节磁共振扫描仪进行常规MRI序列扫描,矢状位SE T1WI(TR/ TE=750 ms/26 ms)TSE T2WI(TR/TE=2 400 ms/80 ms),GE STIR(TR/TE/TI=1 570 ms/25 ms/85 ms)轴位GE T1WI(TR/TE=495 ms/18 ms,FA=75°),扫描层厚4 mm,间距0.4 mm。观察两组患者的关节间隙改变、髌上囊肿胀情况(膝关节侧位及MR矢状位及轴位),关节面的侵蚀破坏、关节周围骨质增生及骨质疏松改变。
1.3 统计学分析
用SPSS 17.0软件进行统计分析,计数资料用百分率(%)表示,采用Pearson卡方检验,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 两组膝关节的影像学表现
X线摄片显示,RA组中47例(90.4%)关节内外侧间隙均匀性狭窄(图1a),41例(78.8%)髌上囊肿胀(图1b),22例关节面毛糙、关节软骨变薄侵蚀、关节面不同程度侵蚀破坏(图1c、图2a、图2b),部分伴胫骨内侧平台塌陷,关节周缘轻度骨质增生43例,明显重度增生,骨赘形成5例,4例未见明显骨质增生改变。MR检查显示RA组肿胀髌上囊为不同程度滑膜炎,滑膜增生为主伴少量积液(图1c、图2a)。OA组X线摄片显示股胫内侧间隙狭窄,为内外侧非均匀一致性狭窄(图3),仅5例为均匀性狭窄,且程度较轻,髌上囊肿胀16例(35.6%),7例关节面下小囊性改变,不同程度骨质增生改变伴骨质硬化。
2.2 两组关节炎表现
从表1可见,两组膝关节间隙均匀性狭窄及髌上囊肿胀改变在两组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),提示这2个指标对鉴别RA和OA膝关节病变有重要价值,且经MR检查所验证。
3 讨论
3.1 病因病理
有研究报道滑膜炎是RA的主要病理改变[4],为多发性和对称性慢性增生性滑膜炎[5],表现为侵蚀性的关节滑膜炎、炎性细胞浸润、血管翳形成,侵蚀关节软骨、软骨下骨和肌腱等,造成关节软骨、骨,关节囊破坏。骨关节炎是老年人的常见病,由于骨表面的软骨变性、坏死和裸露、骨质硬化、软骨下囊性病灶及骨赘形成,使关节软骨丧失,导致关节间隙狭窄,特别是负重的内侧关节[6]。
3.2 RA与OA的鉴别诊断
由于RA与OA的病理基础不同,决定了影像学表现亦不相同。RA病变始于关节滑膜,在关节软骨面形成血管翳,血管翳逐渐沿关节软骨表面向关节间隙和整个关节面扩展、侵入,覆盖整个关节软骨表面,使其失去营养,发生变性、坏死,破坏软骨下骨质,导致关节间隙狭窄。膝关节是小关节外RA容易累及的部位,本文RA组中47例(90.4%)X线表现为关节间隙不同程度均匀狭窄,而OA组主要显示不对称关节间隙狭窄,特别是内侧股胫间隙,有明显的鉴别诊断意义。RA组中髌上囊肿胀发生率为78.8%,且MRI检查显示矢状位T1WI等低信号,GE-STIR呈高信号,GET1WI轴位显示不同程度滑膜增生伴积液改变,因GET1WI显示滑膜更为直观敏感[7],验证侧位髌上囊肿胀为滑膜炎改变,符合RA的病理基础,而OA组髌上囊肿胀发生率为35.6%,其内为关节积液信号,少见滑膜增生改变,符合OA病理基础。
本文中,X线显示RA组22例膝关节有不同程度骨侵蚀改变,10例未显示明显侵蚀病灶,但MRI检查发现患者有骨髓水肿、软骨破坏、软骨下小囊变,M R I可发现许多X线平片不能显示的骨侵蚀,更具敏感性[8],所以X线平片未见骨侵蚀并不表示无侵蚀破坏改变。OA主要表现为边缘骨质增生、骨赘形成、髁间棘变尖、关节软骨磨损和软骨下囊肿。
因R A常导致关节进行性破坏,致残率较高[9],所以膝关节RA及OA鉴别诊断有重要临床意义。典型病例骨质侵蚀加关节间隙明显毛糙狭窄等可以明确诊断,但对于膝两侧关节间隙或单关节间隙较均匀的轻至中度狭窄,关节缘轻度增生,未见明显侵蚀者;狭窄程度较重,虽不太均匀,但增生程度与狭窄程度不呈比例的RA患者,诊断有一定困难,此时要考虑RA累及可能,尤其是合并髌上囊肿胀,则RA累及诊断正确筛查率增加。关节间隙均匀性狭窄及髌上囊肿胀、关节面侵蚀的改变对RA及OA的诊断和鉴别有重要价值。
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