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[摘要] 目的 探討血清胱抑素C(CysC)水平对肾功能正常的非ST段抬高型急性冠脉综合征(NSTE-ACS)患者危险分层的评估价值。 方法 选取2015年1月~2016年12月在徐州医科大学附属医院经冠状动脉造影确诊为NSTE-ACS的患者280例为实验组,经冠状动脉造影排除NSTE-ACS的患者40例为对照组。根据全球急性冠脉事件注册(GRACE)评分将实验组分为低危组(≤108分,47例)、中危组(109~140分,106例)、高危组(>140分,127例);探究CysC水平在不同组间的差异及与GRACE评分的相关性,探讨GRACE评分的独立影响因素,受试者工作曲线(ROC)分析CysC对高危NSTE-ACS的预测价值。Logistic多因素回归分析高危NSTE-ACS的独立预测指标。 结果 实验组CysC水平明显高于对照组(P < 0.05);CysC水平与GRACE评分呈正相关(r = 0.561,P < 0.05);CysC是GRACE评分及高危风险的独立预测因素(P < 0.05),ROC分析示:AUC为0.788,P < 0.05,最佳界点值为0.94,灵敏度为77%,特异度为72%。 结论 肾功能正常的NSTE-ACS患者血清CysC水平与其危险分层密切相关,是其危险分层及高危风险的独立预测因子。
[关键词] 非ST段抬高型急性冠脉综合征;全球急性冠脉事件注册;胱抑素C;冠状动脉造影
[中图分类号] R541.4 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1673-7210(2017)07(b)-0070-05
Estimated value of serum cystatin C for the risk stratification of non ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome patients with normal renal function
CHEN Chao XU Tongda
Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Jiangsu Province, Xuzhou 221002, China
[Abstract] Objective To explore the estimated value of serum cystatin C (CysC) for the risk stratification of non ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE-ACS) patients with normal renal function. Methods Two hundred and eighty patients diagnosed as NSTE-ACS by coronary angiography in Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University from January 2015 to December 2016 were selected as experimental group, 40 healthy subjects without NSTE-ACS diagnosed by coronary angiography were selected as control group. According to the scores of global registry of acute coronary events (GRACE), the experimental group was further divided into low risk group (≤108 points, 47 cases), moderate risk group (109-140 points, 106 cases) and high risk group (>140 points, 127 cases). The differences of CysC between different groups and the correlation with GRACE score were explored, the independent predictive factors of GRACE scores were investigated, the estimated value of CysC for high risk of NSTE-ACS was analyzed by receiver operating characteristics (ROC), the independent predictive factors of high risk of NSTE-ACS were analyzed by Logistic multivariate regression analysis. Results The levels of CysC in experimental group were significantly higher than those of control group (P < 0.05). The levels of CysC were positively correlated with GRACE scores (r = 0.561, P < 0.05). The CysC is an independent predictive factor of GRACE score and high risk of NSTE-ACS (P < 0.05). The ROC curve analysis showed that AUC was 0.788, P < 0.05, the best cut-off point was 0.94, the sensitivity was 77%, the specificity was 72%. Conclusion The levels of CysC in NSTE-ACS patients with normal renal function are closely related to its risk stratification, which is the independent predictive factor of risk stratification and high risk of NSTE-ACS.
[Key words] Non ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome; Global registry of acute coronary events; Cystatin C; Coronary angiography
非ST段抬高型急性冠脉综合征(NSTE-ACS)是由于冠状动脉内不稳定斑块破裂引发血栓形成,使管腔部分或濒临完全堵塞而造成急性或亚急性心肌缺血的一组临床综合征,其临床表现、预后及治疗策略差异明显[1]。故在患者入院早期进行快速有效的危险分层并识别高危患者,对治疗决策的正确选择有重要意义。全球急性冠脉事件注册(GRACE)评分是目前用于NSTE-ACS患者危险分层的重要工具之一,随着研究不断深入发现其也存在危险因素涉及不全现象。近年来胱抑素C(CysC)被证明与心血管事件的发生、发展及预后密切相关[2-3]。本研究旨在探讨肾功能正常的NSTE-ACS患者血清CysC水平是否在早期危险分层及高危风险判断方面对GRACE评分有增补价值。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料
选择2015年1月~2016年12月在徐州医科大学附属医院心内科拟诊NSTE-ACS住院患者320例,均行冠状动脉造影(CAG)检查,经CAG证实NSTE-ACS患者280例,全部纳入实验组,其中男150例,女130例,年龄39~81岁,平均(66.25±8.19)岁。根据入院GRACE评分,将其分为低危组(≤108分,47例)、中危组(109~140分,106例)、高危组(>140分,127例)。实验组成员均接受相同的冠心病标准化药物治疗,其余经CAG检查排除NSTE-ACS者40例为对照组,男22例,女18例,年龄37~84岁,平均(66.59±8.16)岁。所有入选对象均排除急慢性感染性疾病、免疫系统疾病、恶性肿瘤、急性脑血管意外、近6个月内手术及创伤、近2周内使用抗凝药物者、肝肾疾病和其他脏器功能不全[肾小球滤过率(eGFR)<60 mL/(min·1.73 m2),血清肌酐(Scr)≥132.6 μmol/L,谷草转氨酶(AST)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)≥正常上限3倍以上]、肺栓塞及静脉血栓栓塞、入院前长期服用影响血尿酸(UA)水平的药物、经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)术或冠状动脉旁路移植(CABG)术后等。
1.2 方法
1.2.1 血清标本采集 所有患者入院后在抗凝及静脉溶栓之前抽外周静脉血,使用SysmexCA-7000全自动凝血分析仪测定血浆D-二聚体(D-Di)水平;入院后次日清晨空腹(禁食12 h)采取肘静脉血,利用OLYMPUS AU2700自动生化仪检测包括血常规、肝功能、肾功能、血糖、血脂、脑钠肽、电解质等生化指标。
1.2.2 CAG方法及评价 患者均采用改良Seldinger法经桡动脉或股动脉穿刺行CAG,造影结果由至少两位具有造影资质且经验丰富的副主任及以上级别的医师目测法给出相应血管的狭窄程度。冠状动脉狭窄以左主干、左前降支、回旋支、右冠状动脉及相应的主要分支血管有任何一支或以上狭窄≥50%即可诊断为冠心病。
1.2.3 GRACE评分的计算及危险分层 通过对实验组患者年龄、心率、肌酐、收缩压、Killip 分级、血清心肌标志物、心电图ST段变化、心脏停搏发生情况8个危险因素进行量化和评分[4],从而计算出实验组患者的入院GRACE评分。
1.3 统计学方法
采用SPSS 19.0统计软件进行统计学处理,计量资料进行正态检验,各组数据以均数±标准差(x±s)表示,两组间比较采用t检验,多组间数据比较采用单因素方差分析,繼之以LSD-t检验,多个样本率的比较采用χ2检验。相关分析采Pearson及Spearman相关分析,多因素变量分析采用多元线性回归分析及Logistic多因素回归分析,应用受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)分析诊断价值及界值。以P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 各指标水平的组间比较
实验组和对照组年龄、性别、冠心病早发家族史、总胆固醇(CHOL)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)、三酰甘油(TG)、载脂蛋白A1(ApoA)、载脂蛋白B(ApoB)、脂蛋白a[LP(a)]、Scr、eGFR比较,差异均无统计学意义(P > 0.05),两组合并高血压病、合并糖尿病、吸烟史、体重指数(BMI)、空腹血糖(GLU)、UA、CysC、D-Di水平比较,差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。高危组和中危组CysC水平均高于低危组,且高危组CysC水平显著高于中危组,差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.05),低、中、高危3个组间Scr和eGFR水平比较,差异均无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。见表1。
2.2 各指标与NSTE-ACS危险分层的单因素及多因素相关性分析
GRACE评分与患者的年龄、高血压病史、糖尿病病史、BMI、CHOL、LDL、TG、ApoB、GLU、UA、CysC、D-Di水平成正相关(r = 0.680、0.425、0.479、0.125、0.439、0.413、0.285、0.442、0.259、0.484、0.561、0.388,均P < 0.05),与HDL呈负相关(r = -0.441,P < 0.05),与性别、吸烟史、早发冠心病家族史、ApoA1、LP(a)、Scr、eGFR无明显相关性(P > 0.05)。见图1。筛选出以上单因素相关分析P < 0.05的指标作为自变量,以GRACE评分作为因变量,进行多元线性回归分析示:对NSTE-ACS患者危险分层有独立预测价值的为年龄、高血压病史、糖尿病病史、CHOL、CysC(P < 0.05)。见表2。
2.3 ROC分析CysC水平对NSTE-ACS高危患者的预测价值及最佳界值
以GRACE评分是否大于140为界,CysC的ROC曲线下面积为0.788,最佳界点值为0.94,所对应的灵敏度为77%,特异度为72%,AUC 95%可信区间为0.732~0.844,P < 0.05。见图2。
注:GRACE:全球急性冠脉事件注册;CHOL:总胆固醇;CysC:胱抑素C
2.4 NSTE-ACS高危风险的Logistic多因素回归分析
筛选出以上单因素相关分析P < 0.05的危险因素作为自变量,以GRACE评分是否大于140分为因变量,进行二分类Logistic多因素回归分析,结果显示对NSTE-ACS高危风险有独立预测价值的为年龄、高血压病史、糖尿病病史、CysC(P < 0.05)。见表3。
3 讨论
CysC是一种半胱氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂,由有核细胞分泌并存在于各种组织的有核细胞浆和体液中。研究表明血液中CysC几乎完全通过肾小球滤过来消除,且浓度不受年龄、性别或摄入蛋白质的影响,能敏感地反映早期肾功能不全[5]。近年来发现CysC水平也是预测心血管事件的一个新兴指标[6],能较好地预测冠心病患者死亡风险及预后,并且独立于肾功能之外[7-8]。
本研究基本排除了肾功能不全及各组肾功能差异对CysC水平造成的影响。结果显示:实验组CysC水平显著高于对照组(P < 0.05),这与之前众多研究结论相一致[6-9]。CysC浓度在动脉粥样硬化斑块发生发展的病理生理过程中隨着组织蛋白酶升高而升高,从而维持细胞外基质的产生和降解的动态平衡状态[9]。粥样硬化斑块的易损性与ACS的发生密切相关,不稳定斑块薄的纤维帽主要成分是细胞外基质,因此CysC对组织蛋白酶的抑制作用有利于使斑块趋于稳定。一旦组织蛋白酶对细胞外基质的破坏作用超出CysC的保护作用,终将引起斑块的不稳定甚至破裂,从而发生ACS。近期国内外一些研究通过血管内超声对ACS罪犯血管病变部位进行影像定量分析,证实CysC水平是NSTE-ACS斑块易损性的独立危险因素(P < 0.01),能够预测不稳定斑块破裂的风险[10-12]。
最新研究表明,对于高危NSTE-ACS患者应首选介入治疗并能从中明显获益[13],因此NSTE-ACS患者入院后快速有效地进行危险分层,对指导医师采取正确治疗决策有重要意义。本研究显示,高危NSTE-ACS患者血清CysC水平显著升高,并且CysC与GRACE评分呈正相关,这表明CysC水平对NSTE-ACS患者的危险分层具有一定价值,说明其水平越高,患者院内的死亡风险就越大,预后也越差。进一步通过多元线性回归分析,在排除种种因素的相互干扰后证明CysC水平与GRACE评分独立相关(β = 0.057,P < 0.05),是NSTE-ACS患者危险分层的独立预测因子,这与Vieira等[14]和Flores-Blanco等[15]的研究结论相一致。Lee等[16]和Luo等[17]的临床荟萃分析及研究也均显示CysC水平对急性心血管事件的风险程度及üü预后有独立预测价值。
国外研究发现,血清CysC>0.84 mg/L的STE-ACS患者院内心源性休克或死亡的风险将升高5倍[18],并且可作为NSTE-ACS患者预后的独立预测因子[19]。ESC指南还曾推荐将CysC用于预测心肌梗死的发生以及NSTE-ACS患者的远期病死率[20]。那么通过CysC水平对早期高危NSTE-ACS患者的判断究竟以什么值来界定呢?本研究通过ROC曲线分析显示CysC曲线下面积为0.788,最佳界值为0.94 mg/L,相应灵敏度为77%,特异度为72%(P < 0.05),这提示CysC水平对NSTE-ACS早期高危患者的诊断具有较高的准确度,对于NSTE-ACS患者的危险分层具有独特的预测价值。最后通过二分类Logistic多元回归分析证实CysC水平是判断高危NSTE-ACS患者的独立预测因子,这在GRACE评分的基础上又为临床医师对NSTE-ACS早期高危风险评估提供了一项重要依据。
综上所述,血清CysC水平可作为肾功能正常的NSTE-ACS患者危险分层及高危风险判断的独立预测因子,结合GRACE评分能更加全面地指导临床医师对NSTE-ACS患者进行早期危险分层并采取正确的治疗决策,从而获得最佳治疗效果。
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(收稿日期:2017-03-21 本文編辑:张瑜杰)