中考英语常考的特殊句式

2017-05-16 19:02郭克晴
试题与研究·中考英语 2017年1期
关键词:感叹句真题谓语

郭克晴

从近两年的中考试题来看,中考对特殊句式的考查主要体现在以下几个方面:

一、感叹句

用来表示喜、怒、哀、乐等强烈感情的句子是感叹句。初中英语教材中所出现的感叹句主要有what 和how 引导的两种类型:what常用来修饰名词;how常用来修饰形容词、副词或动词。

1. How型感叹句

(1) How +形容词/副词+主语+谓语!

How high the bird flies! 这鸟飞得真高!

【中考真题】(2016年苏州卷) —_____ pale you look! Are you feeling all right?

—Im not feeling well. Ive got a toothache.

A. How a B. How

C. What a D. What

【答案简析】B。空格后的pale后面没有名词,所以形容词pale就是中心词,故用how修饰。

(2) How +主语+谓语!

How time flies! 时间过得真快!

(3) How +句子(主语+谓语+其他)!

How she misses her mother! 她多么想念自己的母亲!

2. What型感叹句

(1) What +a(n) +形容词+单数可数名词+主语+谓语!

What a heavy box it is! 这是一只多么重的箱子!

【中考真题】(2016年天水卷) _____ excellent woman Tu Youyou is! She has given the Chinese people a big surprise.

A. What a B. What an

C. How an D. How

【答案简析】B。空格后的excellent虽然是形容词,但它修饰单数可数名词woman,所以其前要用what引导感叹句,并且要用不定冠词a或an。excellent以元音音素开头,所以不定冠词要用an。

(2) What +形容词+复数可数名词/不可数名词+主语+谓语!

What cold water it is! 这水真冷!

【中考真题1】(2016年烟台卷) —_____ weather it is! Shall we go for a picnic?

—I cant agree more.

A. What a good B. What good

C. How good the D. How good

【答案简析】B。空格后的weather是不可数名词,其前不能用how和不定冠词,只能用what引导感叹句。

【中考真题2】(2016年宜昌卷) —The firemen did all their best to put out the fire.

—_____ excellent firemen!

A. What B. What an

C. How an D. How

【答案简析】A。空格后的形容词excellent 修饰复数名词firemen,要用what引导感叹句,同时what后不能接不定冠词。

注意:

在一定情况下,两种句型可相互转换。例如:

How nice the watch is! =What a nice watch it is! 这块手表多漂亮啊!

另外,近年來命题者越来越青睐于在具体的语言环境中对感叹句进行考查。

【中考真题】(2016年青海卷) —Shall we have a barbecue on the beach?

—_____!

A. What an interesting idea

B. What a private place

C. How sunny it is

【答案简析】A。shall引导的一般疑问句表示建议,由此可知答语表示“多么有趣的主意呀”。

二、祈使句

英语中,表示请求、命令等的句子是祈使句。它的特点是:通常省略主语(you);以动词原形开头;末尾可用句号或感叹号;朗读时用降调。祈使句没有疑问句形式,一般只有肯定句和否定句两种形式。

1. 肯定句

(1)以系动词be开头的祈使句,这种祈使句的常用结构为:Be +形容词/名词。例如:

Be a good doctor. 做一名好医生。

Be quick! 快点儿!

(2)以实义动词开头的祈使句,这种祈使句的常用结构为:动词原形+ 宾语 + 其他。例如:

Open the windows. 打开窗户。

Put them away. 把它们收起来。

注意:

①如果是以动词let开头的祈使句,通常用的结构为:Let +宾语+动词原形+其他。例如:

Let me help you. 让我来帮你。

Lets put the baskets in the car. 咱们把这些篮子放到汽车里。

② 有时为了表示委婉的语气,可在句首或句尾加上please,但please加在句尾时,前面要用逗号隔开。例如:

Sit down, please. 请坐。

Please look after the twins. 请照看这对双胞胎。

【中考真題】(2016年济南卷) —_____ dressed now! We have to go in ten minutes.

—OK, Mom.

A. Getting B. Get

C. To get D. Gets

【答案简析】B。这是一个祈使句,句首的动词要用原形。

2. 否定句

祈使句的否定句是在句首加Dont。例如:

Dont be late for school. 上学不要迟到。

Dont make friends with the man like him. 不要和像他那样的人交朋友。

【中考真题】(2016年湘西卷) —_____ run in the hallways, Mike.

—Sorry. Ms. Clark.

A. Dont B. Please

C. No

【答案简析】A。由“Sorry. Ms. Clark.”可知是告诉对方不要在走廊里跑来跑去。祈使句的否定形式是在动词原形前加Dont。

3.特殊的祈使句

(1)“祈使句+ and / then +陈述句”句型,祈使句相当于if引导的肯定条件状语从句,表示告诉对方做某事,将会有好的结果,意为“做某事,就会……”。例如:

Work hard, and youll be successful in time.

=If you work hard, you will be successful in time. 只要你努力,就一定会成功。

【中考真题】(2016年哈尔滨卷) —I want to travel to the Black Bear Island next weekend.

—Good idea! Make a plan first, _____ you will enjoy more beautiful scenery.

A. but B. and

C. however

【答案简析】B。根据句意“先制定一个计划,你就能欣赏更美丽的风景”可知,空白处为顺承关系,要填and。

(2)“祈使句+ or +陈述句”句型,祈使句相当于if引导的否定条件状语从句,表示警告某人做某事,否则有坏的结果,意为“做某事,否则/不然的话就会……”。例如:

Get ready, or you wont pass the test.

=If you dont get ready, you wont pass the test. 好好准备,要不然你就不能通过测试。

【中考真题1】(2016年攀枝花卷) _____ your umbrella, or youll catch a cold on such a rainy day.

A. Take B. To take

C. Taking D. Takes

【答案简析】A。本题考查“祈使句+ or +陈述句”结构。句意为:带上你的雨伞,否则你在这样的雨天会感冒的。

【中考真题2】(2016年张家界卷) Hurry up, _____ you cant catch the early bus.

A. so B. and

C. or

【答案简析】C。so“因此”,表示结果;and“并且、和”,表示并列;or“否则”,相当于if not。结合句意“快点,否则你就不能赶上早班车了”确定答案为C。

三、反意疑问句

反意疑问句也叫附加疑问句,是一种先提出情况或看法,然后要求对方表示赞成或不赞成的问句方式;有时则是为了找话同别人攀谈,此时的反意疑问句只是一种自然的谈话语气,并非真正有什么问题。它一般由“陈述句+简略的一般疑问句”组成。

1. 前后两部分的结构

当陈述部分是肯定句时,后面用否定形式提问,且用缩写形式;当陈述部分是否定句时,后面用肯定形式提问。简称“前肯后否”和“前否后肯”。例如:

Jim is your brother, isnt he? 吉姆是你的兄弟,对吗?

She wasnt here yesterday, was she? 她昨天不在这里,是吗?

【中考真题】(2016年遂宁卷) The boy in red T-shirt is our new classmate, _____?

A. isnt he B. doesnt he

C. is he D. does he

【答案简析】A。前半句是肯定形式,后半句要用否定形式。由is确定要用isnt。

2. 前后两部分的人称、数和时态要一致

反意疑问句中的主语要与陈述句的主语在人称和数上保持一致,且用相应的人称代词的主格形式。两部分的谓语动词在形式和时态上也应保持一致。例如:

Her father works in a factory, doesnt he? 她父亲在工厂工作,对吗?

Beijing is very large, isnt it? 北京很大,是吗?

【中考真题】(2015年益阳卷) —Its Fathers Day today, _____?

—Yes, lets buy a gift for Dad.

A. isnt he B. doesnt it

C. isnt it

【答案简析】C。its是it is的缩写,根据“前肯后否”的原则,空格处要填isnt。再根据主语it确定附加问句的主语也要用it。

3.注意反意疑问句的回答

对于反意疑问句的回答,总的一个原则是:不管问题的提法如何,只要事实上是肯定的,就用yes;事实上是否定的,就用no。但当陈述部分是否定句时,回答译成汉语时不一样。这与汉语习惯截然不同,应特别注意。例如:

—You dont want to go out, do you? 你不想出去,对吧?

—Yes, I do. (No, I dont.) 不,我想出去(对,我不想出去)。

【中考真题】(2016年天水卷) —You didnt find the owner of the books, did you?

—_____. So I gave them to our teacher.

A. No, I did B. Yes, I didnt

C. No, I didnt D. Yes, I did

【答案简析】C。Yes后接肯定答语,No后接否定答语,可先排除A、B两项。再根据“So I gave them to our teacher.”可知,空格处指的是“对,我没有找到书的主人”,由此可知答案是C。

4.当陈述部分有no, nothing, few, little, hardly, never等否定词语时,附加问句要用肯定形式。例如:

The old man can hardly walk on, can he? 这位老人几乎不能再走了,是吗?

He will never forget his past, will he? 他永远不会忘记他的过去,对吗?

注意:

当陈述部分(肯定)的否定意义是通过加词缀(前缀或后缀)表达出来的,附加问句仍用否定形式。例如:

The little girl is very unhappy, isnt she? 这个小女孩很不高兴,是不是?

The young on the motorbike is too careless, isnt he? 摩托车上的那个年轻人太粗心,对吧?

【中考真题】(2016年安顺卷) He can hardly stay awake because he is so tired, _____?

A. is he B. isnt he

C. cant he D. can he

【答案简析】D。句子中有情态动词can,空格处要填can的相应形式。hardly含有否定意思。根据“前否后肯”的原则可确定选D。

5. 祈使句的反意疑问句

若前面是否定结构,则附加问句只能用will you;若前面是肯定结构,附加问句用will you,也可用wont / would / can / cant you或shall we等,它形式上是反意疑问句,但并不是正式的疑问句,也不表示相反的意思,而是表示邀请或请求。例如:

Close all the windows, will you / wont you? 把所有的窗户都关上,好吗?

Dont go to the park by bus, will you? 别乘公共汽车去公园,好吗?

【中考真题】(2015年宜宾卷) Nancy, sweep the classroom, _____?

A. dont you B. do you

C. will you D. doesnt she

【答案简析】C。考查祈使句的反意疑问句。根据语法规则,正确答案是C。

6. Lets引导的祈使句的反意疑问句

Lets 用于提出建议并且主语包括对方时,其附加问句用shall we。Let us 表示征求对方许可,其附加问句用will you。例如:

Lets go to see the pandas, shall we? 咱们先去看熊猫,好吗?

Let us wait until 5:00, will you? 我们等到5点,好吗?

【中考真题】(2016年龙东卷) Lets go to Disneyland in Shanghai in August, _____?

A. shall we B. will you

C. wont you

【答案简析】A。Lets引导祈使句时,附加问句用shall we。

7. There be句型的反意疑問句

当陈述部分是there be结构时,附加问句的主语仍用there。例如:

There is a sheep on the hill, isnt there? 山上有一只羊,是吗?

【中考真题】(2016年宿迁卷) —There is a beautiful park near your school, _____?

—Yes. I often go walking there.

A. is there B. isnt there

C. are there D. arent there

【答案简析】B。根据反意疑问句“前肯后否”的特点,排除A、C两项;There is句型的附加问句为is there。故选B。

8. 含有宾语从句的主从复合句的反意疑问句

当陈述部分是含有宾语从句的主从复合句时,附加问句的动词和主语要与主句中的动词和主语保持一致。但当陈述部分是“I think / believe / suppose / guess + 宾语从句”时,附加问句的动词和主语要与宾语从句的动词和主语保持一致,并根据主句来决定使用肯定或否定形式。例如:

He said that he wouldnt join them, didnt he? 他说他不想加入他们,对吗?

I believe they have already finished the work, havent they? 我相信他们已经完成了这项工作,对吗?

I dont think he can come here on time, can he? 我认为他不能准时到这里,对吗?

【中考真题】(2015年汕尾卷) I dont think the newly directed film by Zhao Wei is as interesting as people say, _____?

A. do I B. dont I

C. is it D. isnt it

【答案簡析】C。此处的反意疑问句与宾语从句一致,并由主句确定用肯定式。

四、倒装句

1. There be句型

There be句型是英语中的常用句型, 意思是“有”,表示“人或事物的存在”或“某地有某物”。

(1)“There is / are +某人/某物(主语)+某时/某地”意为“某时/某地存在某人/某物”。其一般过去时是There was / were;一般将来时是There is / are going to be或There will be;现在完成时是There has / have been。例如:

There will be a class meeting this afternoon. 今天下午有班会。(一般将来时)

There was a football match in our school yesterday. 昨天我们学校有一场足球赛。(一般过去时)

There have been great changes in China in the past twenty years. 在过去20年里中国发生了巨大变化。(现在完成时)

【中考真题】(2016年六盘水卷) There _____ a football game in our city next week.

A. will have

B. will be

C. is going to have

D. are going to be

【答案简析】B。由next week可知要用一般将来时。There be句型的一般将来时为There will be或There is / are going to be。

【中考真题】(2015年遂宁卷) There _____ a card on the teachers desk five minutes ago, but now it is gone.

A. have B. is

C. was

【答案简析】C。由five minutes ago确定用一般过去时。a car是单数,故选C。

(2)在There be句型中, 谓语动词be应该和它后面的主语(名词)保持一致。当有两个及以上的名词做并列主语时,be和第一个名词保持一致(就近原则)。例如:

There is a small river near the village. 村子附近有条小河。

There are two thousand students in our school. 我们学校有2000名学生。

There is a dictionary and some books on the desk. 桌子上有一本词典和一些书。

【中考真题】(2016年绥化卷) There _____ a pencil and some pens in the box.

A. is B. are

C. arent

【答案简析】A。be动词与邻近的主语a pencil保持数的一致,故选A。

(3)“There is / are / must be +主语+ doing sth.”表示“(肯定)有……正在做某事”,现在分词doing表示主动关系,同时表示动作正在进行,有时也表示一种状态。例如:

Theres a piano standing against the wall. 墙边有一架钢琴。

There must be someone waiting for him. 一定有人在等他。

【中考真题】(2016年盐城卷) Watch out, Peter!_____ is a little boy playing ahead on the road.

A. It B. This

C. That D. There

【答案简析】D。根据“There be +主语+ doing sth.”结构确定选D。

2. so +助动词/ be动词/情态动词+主语

这一结构常用来说明前面所说的情况也同样适用于后面的人或物,意为“某人(物)也一样”。该结构中的助动词(be动词或情态动词)必须与前句的谓语动词以及后句主语的人称和数保持一致,时态和前句保持一致。例如:

Mary likes Chinese. So does Tom.

=Mary likes Chinese. Tom likes Chinese, too.

=Both Mary and Tom like Chinese.

=Mary and Tom both like Chinese.

瑪丽喜欢汉语,汤姆也喜欢汉语。

They went to the zoo yesterday. So did we. 他们昨天去了动物园。我们也去了。

注意:

如果前面的句子是否定句,则要用neither / nor,说明前句否定的情况也适用于后面的句子。例如:

You didnt go to the park. Neither / Nor did I. 昨天你没去公园。我也没去。

You cant sing English songs. Neither / Nor can they. 你们不会唱英文歌。他们也不会唱。

【中考真题】(2016年攀枝花卷) —I think you are different now.

—Of course, times have changed and _____.

A. so have I B. so I have

C. neither have I D. neither I have

【答案简析】A。根据句意,这是肯定形式的倒装,强调“我也在改变”。所以选择“so +助动词 +主语”结构。

【中考真题】(2015年龙东卷) —Lucy cant go mountain climbing with us tomorrow.

—_____. I have to do housework at home.

A. So can I

B. Neither can I

C. Neither I can

【答案简析】B。上句为含有情态动词can的否定句,对其回答用否定形式的neither;又根据答语的第二句可知此空表示“我也不能(爬山)”。故选B。

3. so +主语+助动词/ be动词/情态动词

这种结构意为“的确如此、确实如此”,表示后者赞同前者的话或意见,只是进一步强调并重复前句所述的内容。前后句的主语指的是同一个人或物。例如:

—He will speak at the meeting tomorrow. 他明天将在会上发言。

—So he will. 确实如此。

—He went to see his friend yesterday. 他昨天去看望朋友了。

—So he did. 的确如此。

【中考真题】(2016年乌鲁木齐卷) —_____ exciting news it is! Disneyland in Shanghai has opened to the public!

—_____. We plan to go there this summer holiday.

A. What an; So is it

B. What; So it is

C. How; So it is

D. How; So is it

【答案简析】B。news是不可数名词,故感叹句用what 引导。so it is 表示“的确如此”;so is it表示“它也是这样”。结合答语可知第二空表示“确实如此”,故选B。

强化训练:

从题后所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中,选出能填入相应空白处的最佳选项。

1. —We are going to take part in Running Man.

—_____ exciting news!

A. What B. What an

C. How D. How an

2. —Have you watched the boat races during this Dragon Boat Festival?

—Yes. _____ wonderful races!

A. What an B. What a

C. What D. How

3. _____ me an e-mail before you come to Hangzhou. Ill meet you at the airport.

A. Sending B. To send

C. Sends D. Send

4. —Do you know some robots are able to serve as waiters in restaurants?

—Really? _____ interesting it is!

A. What B. What a

C. How D. How a

5. Tommy, _____ play basketball in the street next time. You may get hit by a car.

A. do B. dont

C. must D. mustnt

6. —Do you know that the Terracotta Army in China is more than 2,000 years old?

—Wow! _____!

A. How large it is

B. How modern it is

C. What a long history it has

D. What a beautiful place it is

7. David never fights with his classmates, _____?

A. does he B. doesnt he

C. isnt he D. is he

8. —Whats the matter, Jenny?

—_____ something wrong with my bike.

A. It is B. There is

C. I have D. It has

9. There _____ two dictionaries on the bookcase. You can use either of them.

A. is B. was

C. are D. were

10. —Taian is a really comfortable city to live in.

—_____, and its world-famous for Mount Tai.

A. So it is B. So is it

C. So it does D. So does it

11. —Listen! There _____ someone _____ at the door.

—It must be your sister.

A. is; knocking B. is; knock

C. are; knocking D. are; knock

12. —They go to school early in the morning.

—_____.

A. So do Tom B. So Tom do

C. So does Tom D. So Tom does

13. There _____ some milk and apples in the fridge.

A. has B. have

C. is D. are

14. —I dont understand the story in the new unit. What about you, Bob?

—_____.

A. Neither I do B. Neither do I

C. So do I D. So I do

15. —What language is that guy speaking? I can hardly catch a single word!

—_____. Hes from India, so I guess it is Hindi.

A. Neither I can B. Neither can I

C. So I can D. So can I

16. —_____ there any living things on other planets?

—I have no idea. Maybe we can know more about that in the future.

A. Is B. Are

C. Has D. Have

17. —There _____ a basketball game in our school tomorrow.

—Great!

A. is going to have B. will be

C. be D. will have

18. —We ordered beef noodles, but _____ any beef in the noodles.

—Put on your glasses and you can see the beef.

A. there isnt B. there is

C. there arent D. there are

19. We have to finish the work now, _____?

A. dont we B. havent we

C. have we D. do we

20. —Dont be late for school next time, _____?

—No, I wont.

A. are you B. will you

C. do you D. did you

21. Few of them hurt themselves in the accident last night, _____?

A. dont they B. didnt they

C. did they D. do they

22. —Youve never seen dinosaur (恐龍) eggs, have you?

—_____. How I wish to visit the Dinosaur World!

A. Yes, I have B. No, I havent

C. No, I have D. Yes, I havent

23. —Linda had nothing for breakfast this morning, _____?

—No. She got up too late.

A. had she B. hadnt she

C. did she D. didnt she

24. There will be a volleyball match in our school, _____?

A. be there B. is there

C. will there D. wont there

25. Aunt Huang thought that she could pass the exam and get a driving license, _____ she?

A. couldnt B. did

C. didnt D. could

26. Tom hasnt come yet. He wont be late, _____?

A. will he B. is he

C. wont he D. isnt he

27. We have to say goodbye; _____ time flies!

A. what B. how

C. what a D. how a

28. I dont think Ken did such a stupid thing, _____?

A. do I B. did I

C. did he D. does he

29. —You arent a stranger, are you?

—_____, dont you remember _____ me at the school gate ten minutes ago?

A. Yes; to see B. No; seeing

C. No; saw D. Yes; seeing

30. —There _____ many trees at the foot of the mountain.

—But now they are slowly disappearing because of human activities.

A. is used to B. used to

C. used to be D. is used to be

(參考答案见第87页)

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