听力功底厚 考试不担忧

徐启富

一、中考英语听力测试的要求

“听”是人们进行口头交际时获取信息的重要手段之一，是被动接受信息的技能。在语言学习中，“听”是吸收和巩固语言及培养说、读、写等语言能力的重要手段。听力是识别和理解别人说话的能力。由于所听内容的不可预知性，听力是语言学习中要求较高的技能。有了扎实的听力基础，听力测试甚至笔试也能取得很好的成绩。《国家课程标准》对五级（初中毕业）英语听力的要求是：

1.能根据语调和重音理解说话者的意图。

2.能听懂有关熟悉话题的谈话，并能从中提取信息和观点。

3.能借助语境克服生词障碍，理解大意。

4.能听懂接近正常语速的故事和叙述，理解故事的因果关系。

5.能在听的过程中用适当方式做出反应。

6.能针对所听语段的内容记录简单信息。

二、听力测试主要考查的能力

1.对所听材料基本事实和细节的理解能力。

2.对所听材料背景、话题、地点、说话者之间的关系等做出判断的能力。

3.对说话者的意图、观点或态度的理解能力。

三、听力测试的设题特点

1.选择题占主导，如图文匹配、选择答案等。非选择题也有体现，如简单一点的有填空题，稍难一点的有回答问题等。

2.问题多以特殊疑问句的形式来设置，常用的疑问词有：what， how， where， when， who， why， which， whose等。问题一般出现在试卷上，但也有例外。

3.选择题的选项多为三个，主要是为了节省读题时间。

真题1：

（2016年上海卷）根据你听到的内容，选出相应的图片。

1. ______ 2. ______ 3. ______

4. ______ 5. ______ 6. ______

录音稿：

1. Ben and Jack are riding horses in the field.

2. Will Peter take part in a table tennis match next Friday？

3. A small group of students lined up to get on the bus.

4. Its Bills first time to take a train all by himself.

5. Jimmy likes to read stories about space， doesnt he？

6. Although he is always busy delivering mails， Henry never complains.

Key： 1～5 CBHEA 6. G

试题分析：这是“八选六”的图文匹配题，答题要仔细，不然就会有连锁反应，一旦出错就会错几个。图文匹配题的听力材料一般是句子或简单对话，属于基础题，一般是听力测试的第一大题。这类题既可以使学生平静心情，轻松读题，又能使整个卷面图文并茂，增添美感。

真题2：

（2016年北京卷）听对话，从下面各题所给的A、B、C三幅图片中选择与对话内容相符的图片。每段对话你将听两遍。

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

录音稿：

1. M： Betty， whats the weather like tomorrow？

W： Its going to rain.

2. M： How do you usually come to school every day？

W： By bike.

3. M： Whats your favorite food， Mary？

W： I like fish best.

4. M： Sara， is there a TV in your bedroom？

W： Yes， there is.

5. M： Whos dancing in that room？

W： Li Ying. She is a good dancer.

Key： 1～5 CABAC

试题分析：北京卷的图文匹配题比上海卷的“八选六”难度要小一些，但是每个小题的三幅图指向同类，需要细听录音，准确选择。

真题3：

（2016年北京卷）听对话或独白，根据对话或独白的内容，从下面各题所给的A、B、C三个选项中选择最佳选项。每段对话或独白你将听两遍。

请听一段对话，完成第6至第7小题。

6. What does the man want to buy？

A. A coat. B. A T-shirt.

C. A jacket.

7. What color does the man like？

A. Red. B. White.

C. Blue.

请听一段对话，完成第8至第9小题。

8. How old is the girls brother？

A. Eight. B. Nine.

C. Ten.

9. What does the girls dad do？

A. A history teacher.

B. A taxi driver.

C. A firefighter.

请听一段对话，完成第10至第11小题。

10. What sport did the boy do last week？

A. Baseball. B. Ping-pong.

C. Volleyball.

11. When will the speakers go to the sports center？

A. Next Monday. B. Next Tuesday.

C. Next Thursday.

请听一段对话，完成第12至第13小题。

12. What does the boy think of the Super Summer Camp？

A. He doesnt like it.

B. He thinks its good.

C. He doesnt care about it.

13. What can we learn from the conversation？

A. The girl wants to join the camp.

B. The boys parents will go swimming.

C. The boy is good at playing basketball.

请听一段独白，完成第14至第15小题。

14. What can make Dad feel younger？

A. Making a meal.

B. Playing a game.

C. Reading a book.

15. What is the speaker mainly talking about？

A. Where to spend Fathers Day.

B. How to choose a good gift for Dad.

C. What to do with Dad on Fathers Day.

錄音稿：

1. W： Can I help you？

M： Yes， please. Im looking for a T-shirt.

W： What size do you want， sir？

M： Large， please.

W： Here you are.

M： Thank you. Can I try it on？

W： Yes， of course. The fitting rooms are over there. How do you like it？

M： The size is OK， but I don like the color.

W： What color do you like？

M： Blue.

W： How about this one？

M： It looks great. How much is it？

W： Its $20.

M： Well， Ill take it. Heres the money.

W： Thanks. Have a nice day.

M： You， too.

2. M： Is this a picture of your family？

W： Yeah. We took it in a park last summer.

M： Whos this boy？

W： Hes my brother， Mike.

M： How old is he？

W： Eight. He is in Grade Three.

M： Whats he like？

W： Hes smart and a little shy. These are my mum and dad. They are really friendly and nice.

M： What do your parents do？

W： My dad is a taxi driver. He works hard to support the family.

M： How about your mum？

W： She helps run a small family store.

M： What kind of store？

W： We mainly sell food， like bread， eggs， fruit and vegetables.

3. M： Hello， Lucy. Have you been to the new sports center？

W： Not yet. Where is it？

M： On Main Street.

W： Oh， is it good？

M： Yes， its great. You can do a lot of sports. I played volleyball there last week.

W： Is it expensive？

M： Not really. Its $200 a year if you are under 15.

W： Wow， thats good for me！ Im 14！

M： And on Mondays， Tuesdays and Thursdays it stays open till 11 oclock at night.

W： Oh， great！ How do you get there？

M： I took Bus No. 16. Would you like to go with me next week？

W： Sure！ Id like to. Any day is OK.

M： Well， what about next Tuesday？ Then we can play ping-pong and stay late.

W： Good idea！ Lets meet after school.

M： See you then.

4. W： Are you excited about the Super Summer Camp， Bob？

M： Not at all， Jenny.

W： Why？ Whats wrong？

M： Look at this timetable.

W： Let me see … You have math at 8：30， science at 10：30， lunch at 12 oclock， French at one oclock and history at three oclock. Ugh！ Its like school！

M： No， Jenny. At school， I have P.E. and a little free time. But you see what I have at the camp！

W： Thats too bad！

M： Its not cool and Im not very happy about it. But my parents think its good for me.

W： I see. Is there time for swimming or basketball？ I know you are a good basketball player.

M： Well， there is a basketball game on Saturday， and swimming training on Sunday.

W： Thats good. Hey， what time is the game on Saturday？

M： Its at 9：30.

W： Can I go and watch you play？

M： Yes， of course.

5. Good day and welcome to our program. Im Chris. Next Sunday is Fathers Day. We are going to talk about what we can do that day. Well， here are some activities for dads and kids to do together.

Make a meal. You can make breakfast for Dad on that day. But isnt it more fun to have the whole family cook together？ Plan a meal with Dad. Then try to do much of the food prepar-

ation and cooking.

Play games. Its a good idea to plan a game for Dad. For example， if he loves playing football， you can invite his friends and yours to have a game with him. That can make Dad feel younger on his special day.

Read a book. Pick a book and spend the afternoon sharing a story with each other. And then take turns reading or act out the story for the rest of the family.

Create a gift. Bring out your best ideas and work on them together. Remember the most important gifts include a kiss and a thank-you card.

Hope youll have a happy day with your dad！

Key： 6～10 BCABC 11～15 BACBC

試题分析：听对话或独白是听力测试的主打内容，一般会涉及初中阶段学过的主要话题，如购物、问路、天气、学习、打电话等。电话号码、门牌号码、价格、时间等有关数字的题很容易出错。

2016年北京卷选择的四段对话和一篇独白贴近生活实际，话题让考生听起来有亲切感。但内容偏长，而且是一段比一段长，词数分别是103、111、139、157、185，尤其是最后一段独白，考生要准确理解并抓住关键信息确实有一定难度。不过，每段对话或独白后只设置两个题目，降低了答题难度。

真题4：

（2016年上海卷）根据你听到的对话和问题，选出最恰当的答案。

7. A. In March. B. In May.

C. In June. D. In July.

8. A. His son. B. His daughter.

C. His father. D. His mother.

9. A.11. B. 12.

C. 13. D. 14.

10. A. Lions. B. Elephants.

C. Monkeys. D. Tigers.

11. A. Because the car is too old.

B. Because he needs money.

C. Because there is too much traffic.

D. Because he wants to buy a new car.

12. A. At home.

B. In the museum.

C. At school.

D. In the hospital.

13. A. Make some cakes. B. Order a meal.

C. Take him to a restaurant.

D. Buy some milk.

14. A. Sleep. B. Fans.

C. The kids. D. The weather.

录音稿：

7. M： Were you here in May？

W： Not really. In fact I arrived in June.

Question： When did the woman arrive？

8. W： Good afternoon， sir. Can I help you？

M： Well actually Im looking for a mobile phone for my daughter.

Question： Who is the man buying a mobile phone for？

9. M： Hello， Lucy. Are you the youngest in your class？

W： No， Im 13. Bruce is 12， one year younger than me.

Question： How old is Bruce？

10. M： What a big zoo！ Do you know where the lions are？

W： They are over there， next to the elephants. Be careful with the naughty monkeys.

Question： What animal does the man want to see？

11. W： Why didnt you drive， Alex？

M： Well， Ive sold my car.

W： Oh， is that because you are getting a new one？

M： No， its because theres too much traffic on the road. Ive decided to live without a car.

Question： Why did Alex sell his car？

12. M： How are you feeling today， Linda？

W： Much better， thanks. The doctor says I can go back home in one week.

Question： Where is Linda now？

13. W： Thank you for taking me to this restaurant， Denny. Its the best meal Ive ever had.

M： Glad you like it， but I still like the cakes you make best.

W： Thank you. Tomorrow you will have the chance to try my cakes again.

Question： What will the woman probably do for Denny tomorrow？

14. M： Its too hot these days and I can hardly sleep at night. I bought an electric fan yesterday.

W： The weather forecast says rainy days will come soon， and the temperature will fall down.

M： Are you kidding me？ I cant believe it.

Question： What are the speakers mainly talking about？

Key： 7～11 CBBAC 12～14 DAD

試题分析：上海卷和北京卷有一些不同之处。第一是选择的对话比较短，多数只有一问一答，一般在20至40词。但是问题是在对话后的录音中，这样考生只能在听完第一遍录音后才知道该抓什么关键信息。好在都是听两遍，第一遍时争取听懂对话大意，第二遍时就能根据提出的问题有针对性地听与答案相关的信息。第二是每个问题给了四个选项，需要更多一点的读题时间。

真题5：

（2016年北京卷）请根据所听到的对话内容和提示词语，将所缺的关键信息填写在答题卡的相应位置上。本段对话你将听两遍。

录音稿：

W： Hello！ This is Tina speaking.

M： Hello！ This is Toby. Could I speak to David， please？

W： Im afraid he is out at the moment. Can I take a message for him？

M： Yes， please. My name is Toby. T-O-B-Y.

W： Right. T-O-B-Y. Toby. And whats the message？

M： Please tell David well have a dinner party with our friends. You know， we won a football game. So， were going to celebrate it.

W： Im sure hell be excited about it. Wheres the party？

M： In my house.

W： Has he been to your house before？

M： Yes. He was with us last weekend.

W： When will you have the party？

M： At seven oclock on Friday evening.

W： OK. Ill tell him to get there at seven oclock on Friday evening. Is there anything else？

M： Hmmm … well … and please ask him to call me if he cant come.

W： Has he got your phone number？

M： No. My phone number is 724-5936.

W： Right， 724-5936. Ive got that.

M： Thanks a lot. Bye.

W： Bye.

Key： 16. Toby 17. party 18. house 19. Friday evening 20. 5936

试题分析：听录音或短文记录关键信息在全国中考试题中较为常见。记录的信息常常是：时间、地点、人物、事件等。与数字相关的内容是最容易听错的信息。这一题只要求写出电话号码的一个部分是降低了难度。

真题6：

（2016年上海卷）听独白，完成下列内容。每个空格限填一词。

21. The yearly Walk for Charity will ______ ______ Garden Street.

22. Money will be raised to build a childrens ______ ______ in the town.

23. If rain is forecast，walkers should ______ ______ all possible events.

24. Walkers are told to keep to ______ ______ in the single line while walking.

25. The bus leaves every half-hour and the service ______ ______.

录音稿：

Dear friends，

Please join us in our yearly walk for charity. Well start from Garden Street. You and your friends are all warmly welcome. Please read the directions we offered carefully， especially if you need transport to and from Garden Street. Just come along on the day with your friends. The money raised will be used to build a childrens bookshop in our town. It is better to wear old shoes and you need to wear comfortable clothes for walking. If rain is forecast， prepare for all possible events. Maps will be available from the starting point. Signs will be posted along the road. To be safe， walkers should keep to one side in the single line at all times. If you need help along the road， please let our volunteers know as soon as possible. A bus will be waiting at the finishing line to take walkers back to Garden Street. It will leave every half hour starting at mid-day. The service is free and theres no need to book. Thank you.

Key： 21. start from 22. book shop 23. prepare for 24. one side 25. is free

试题分析：上海卷的考查形式是听短文完成句子，而且限定了每空填一个单词，每句填两个空。174词的短文，写出10个单词，看似有压力，实际上难度并不大。

真题7：

（2016年上海卷）判断下列句子是否符合你听到的内容， 符合的用“T”表示，不符合的用“F”表示。

15. Amy often stays up late at night to learn English.

16. The programs Amy listens to are Canadian and American.

17. Amy thinks that talk channels are better than music channels.

18. Amys progress is slow， but her English is getting better than before.

19. Tom isnt interested when Amy tells him about listening online.

20. Tom and Amy are talking about a good way to learn English.

录音稿：

M： Hello， Amy. Youve done really well in English.

W： Thank you， Tom.

M： How do you manage to do so well？ Do you stay up late at night to learn？

W： No， not a chance. I need my sleep.

M： So what do you do then？

W： I listen to the radio.

M： How can that possibly help？

W： Well， the programs I listen to are British and American.

M： I see. How do you find out about them？

W： Well， one day I was on my computer， and I found a British radio website. I couldnt believe my luck when I found that I could listen online even so far away in China.

M： Do you listen to music channels or talk channels？

W： I think talk channels are better because they give me better listening practice.

M： Can you understand them better now？

W： Well of course. Progress is slow， but yes， I think I understand more than before and my English is getting better all the time.

M： I really like to improve my English，too. Im going to look on the Internet tonight to find some programs I like. Thank you， Amy.

Key： 15～19 FFTTF 20. T

试题分析：全国大多数中考题采用的是听短文或对话来选择正确答案。上海卷还采用判断正误的形式。两种考查形式的目的是一样的，即考查考生对听力材料的理解能力。

四、听力测试的命题方向

1.科学性。

（1）主要表现在材料选择口语化、生活化，符合初中生的认知水平。以对话和独白为主导，贴近学生生活，贴近教学实际，贴近时代发展。

（2）卷面设计人性化。图文并茂，由浅入深，要求简洁，符合初中生身心发展特点。

（3）录音制作标准化。听力录音一般由外籍人士朗读，语速控制在每分钟120词左右。电脑技术合成，配有铃声和音乐。使考生做起题来有一种身心愉悦感。

2.趋同性。

听力测试的分数一般占卷面总分的20%左右，大题数量为3至5个。听力测试的时间大多数在15至20分钟。近年来，随着高考改革的推进和义务教育评价方式的改革，初中英语听力测试也在计分和题型上不断调整。计分有在目前平均分值的基础上增加20%的趋势。很多地区已经开始听说合一，人机对话的考试，全面推广应该也为期不远。

五、听力测试的应试技巧

1.培养语音和语言技能。

听力能力的提高必须建立在正确发音的基础上。考生必须掌握单词的正确发音，要有较扎实的语音知识，能正确区分单词的重读、弱读、爆破及失去爆破，学会辨别句子的连读、节奏以及语调的变化。

2.养成良好的听说习惯。

坚持聽说训练是语言学习必须具有的习惯。形式可以是多种多样的。比如可以大声朗读课文或其他阅读材料；可以边听录音边朗读；可以做一些听写单词、句子和短文填空之类的练习；可以互相练习对话等。听与说都是对大脑感官的刺激，是相辅相成的，而且也可以提升读写技能。这就是所谓的“听说功底厚，考试不担忧”。

3.注意较长语篇的听力技巧训练。

在听较长的语篇时，注意的焦点应当是整个语篇的大意，而不是在个别词语上。有的考生常常因为某个单词没有听出来，就焦躁不安，影响听的效果，失去了选择正确答案的机会。出现这种情形时，我们一定要沉住气，继续往下听，可能下面的句子会给出提示。也可以利用中间的停顿时间再看看试题，结合试题去联想。

4.掌握一些语言交际常识。

中考英语听力测试的对话都反映了某种交际功能和交际场合，而且这些功能与场合几乎都在课本上出现过。因此，我们在复习阶段必须认真复习教材每一单元的对话部分；熟悉在特定情景中的语言交际功能；可以按类别对语言特定的功能进行梳理，例如购物、道歉、问路等。

5.做好听力测试前的心理准备。

听前首先要安定情绪，要有自信心，集中精力，轻松愉快。接着可以利用播放录音前或录音间隔的3至5秒钟时间迅速浏览一下几个待选答案，注意他们之间的不同点，推测或判断即将听到的对话是围绕哪方面进行的，可能从哪方面提问，例如时间、地点、方式、职业、对话双方的关系、计算、原因、条件、动作发生的先后顺序等。头脑中具备了这样的初步概念，就更能够集中精力，有目的、有重点、有针对性地去记和听，也就会更容易、更迅速、更准确地选出正确答案。带着这些问题去听录音有利于积极主动获取有关信息，而不是消极被动地接受信息。

6.边听边记。

对录音中出现的一些数字、地名、人名等，如果觉得自己没有记住的把握，可以随时记在草稿纸上，以便回答问题时查用或计算，记录要有重点，记录也有技巧。如数字用阿拉伯数字记录，地点、人名用代号，长词用缩写，“记”的原则是在不影响“听”的前提下进行。当然对于自己已经有把握的地方，也就不必再浪费精力去写了。

7.寻找规律。

在听短文时要特别留意主题句或段首句，短文的首段往往是对文章内容的概述，如讲话目的、主要内容、作者观点等。短文一般难度不大，关键在于能否听懂大意，抓住要点，记住主要情节。不要过多拘泥于个别生词词义的猜测上，不要过多地滞留在个别句子上，否则就分散了注意力，漏听了本可以听懂的内容。听短文与对话时应注意以下几个方面：（1）时间；（2）地点；（3）数字；（4）计算问题；（5）否定问题（如： too … to， hardly， seldom等）；（6）人物之间的关系；（7）比较和比较结果；（8）因果关系；（9）推测推理；（10）建议；（11）结论；（12）谈论的主题。所有这些问题仍以Wh-型问句为主。

8. 把握听力测试“三步曲”。

（1）听前。

在发试卷后和放听力录音带之前，往往有1～2分钟的机动时间留给考生浏览试卷题目要求。充分利用这1～2分钟，对听力测试来说至关重要。首先快速浏览一下试卷上各题所给选项， 猜测将要提问的问题，有利于在听录音时做到抓住重点，有的放矢。

（2）听中。

在听录音过程中，首先要做到心情平静，不要紧张，尽量避免因非知识性因素而造成的考试发挥失常现象。其次，在对试题内容已有了初步了解的情况下，在听录音过程中要有针对性，有必要做一些内容概要记录。并且要做一些辅助记录，以免听了后面的内容而忘了前面的内容。

（3）聽后。

听完录音之后，你对材料的把握已经“时过境迁”。正确的做法是相信第一感觉，当机立断，决不能反反复复，甚至影响后面的答题。