主谓一致考查形式“3+3”

胡发高

英语句子中，谓语受主语支配，其动词必须和主语在人称和数上保持一致，这就叫“主谓一致”。寻其规律，大致可归纳为三个原则，即语法一致原则、意义一致原则和就近一致原则。另外， 还有三种特殊考查形式。下面我们将结合近三年的中考英语试题，谈谈“主谓一致”所涉及的“3+3”考查形式。

一、常规考查形式

（一）语法一致

所谓语法一致，指的是谓语动词和主语在人称及单复数形式上保持一致。例如，最简单的表达法：I am ...；He / She / It is ...；You / We / They are ...；The girl is ...；The girls are ...等。请看下面的中考试题及解析：

【中考真题】

1. （2016年永州卷） —What are you doing now？

—I _____ to the music.

A. is listening B. am listening

C. was listening

2. （2016年甘肅卷） I _____ you can finish the exam in two hours.

A. does believe B. do believe

C. did believed D. do believed

3. （2016年南充卷） Be quiet. The baby _____.

A. sleeps B. slept

C. are sleeping D. is sleeping

4. （2016年贺州卷） My sister _____ English since she was 9 years old. She can talk to foreigners freely.

A. learns B. learnt

C. has learnt D. have learnt

5. （2016年南充卷） —How long _____ your brother _____ this camera？

—For two weeks.

A. have； bought B. have； had

C. has； had D. has； bought

6. （2016年黄石卷） —Why does the earth look blue in space？

—Because most of the earths surface _____ by water.

A. covers B. is covered

C. cover D. are covered

7. （2016年毕节卷） Its six oclock now. Many people _____ in the park.

A. are dancing B. dance

C. is dancing D. dances

8. （2015年重庆B卷） —How many people are there in your group？

—Four. Three boys _____ in our group this time.

A. is B. are

C. were D. was

【答案与解析】

1. B。本句的主语是I，按照人称与谓语一致原则，要用“I am doing sth.”。

2. B。本句的主语也是I，按照人称与谓语一致原则，用do加强语气时，要用“I do +动词原形”，表示“我确信……”。

3. D。本句的主语是the baby，属于第三人称单数，按照人称与谓语一致原则，表示“正在做某事”要用“主语+ is doing sth.”。

4. C。本句的主语是my sister，属于第三人称单数，按照人称与谓语一致原则，表示“已经做了某事”要用“主语+ has done sth.”。

5. C。本句是个特殊疑问句，主语是my brother，属于第三人称单数，按照人称与谓语一致原则，表示已经拥有某物多长时间了，要用“主语+ has had sth. + for +时间段”。

6. B。本句是个被动句，主语是most of the earths surface，单数，按照主语的数与谓语一致原则，本句要用is covered。

7. A。本句的主语是people，属于复数，按照主语的数与谓语一致原则，表示“正在做某事”要用“主语+ are doing sth.”。

8. B。本句的主语是three boys，属于复数，按照主语的数与谓语一致原则，要用“主语+ are doing sth.”的形式。

（二）意义一致

意义一致指的是谓语动词用单数还是复数必须与主语的意义保持一致，因为有时某些代词或名词的形式虽然是复数，但意义却是单数。例如：

All is going well.（这个all就表示单数意义“一切”，句意是“一切进展顺利”）

Thirty minutes is enough for the work.（这个句子中，thirty minutes虽是复数形式，但在概念上是一个整体，表示单数意义）

The Arabian Nights is an interesting story-book.（The Arabian Nights是书名，即《一千零一夜》，也表示单数意义）

有些以s結尾的名词，单独用要看作复数，如trousers （长裤），shorts （短裤），glasses （眼镜）；但如果与a / this pair of连用则表示单数概念，因为a / this pair of表示“一/这条、一/这副”。比较例句：

Your trousers are dirty. 你的裤子脏了。

This pair of trousers was made by Master Li. 这条裤子是李师傅做的。

有些以s结尾，表示学科名称的名词，如physics（物理），mathematics（数学），politics（政治）等，在句中做主语时，谓语都用单数形式。例如：

Physics is very interesting. 物理很有趣。

【中考真题】

1. （2016年齐齐哈尔卷） The pair of trousers _____ me. Ill take it.

A. fit B. fits

C. will fit

2. （2015年泰安卷） Three million _____ a large number. You can make it _____.

A. are； small B. is； smaller

C. is； small D. are； smaller

3. （2015年益阳卷） —How many women doctors are there in your hospital？

—_____ them _____ over twenty.

A. A number of； are

B. The number of； are

C. The number of； is

4. （2014年泰安卷） —What _____ the number of the students in your school？

—About two thousand. A number of them _____ from the countryside.

A. is； are B. is： is

C. are； is D. are； are

【答案与解析】

1. B。本句中的trousers本是复数，但the pair of trousers（这条裤子）表达的是单数意义，因此谓语也要用单数形式。

2. B。本句中的three million在概念上是一个整体，表示单数意义，因此谓语也要用单数形式。

3. C。the number of ... 意为“人或物的数量”，表示单数意义，因此谓语也要用单数形式。

4. A。本段对话中，the number of the students意为“学生的数量”，表示单数意义，因此第一空的谓语要用is；a number of them表示“其中有许多学生”，表示复数意义，因此第二空的谓语要用are。

（三）邻近一致

邻近一致指的是，当主语是两个并列名词或代词时，谓语动词与距离其最近的那个主语保持人称和数的一致。邻近一致原则主要体现在两个方面：

1.在there be句型中，be动词用单数还是用复数取决于其后的主语。如果其后是由and连接的两个主语，则应与相邻的那个主语保持一致。例如：

There is a desk and two chairs in the room.

There are two chairs and a desk in the room.

另外，here也常用这种表达法。例如：

Here is an apple and two oranges for you.

Here are two oranges and an apple for you.

2.当两个主语由either … or，neither … nor，whether … or ...，not only … but also等连接时，谓语动词和邻近的那个主语保持一致。例如：

Either the teacher or the students are our friends.

Neither they nor he is right.

【中考真题】

1. （2016年齐齐哈尔卷） There _____ some good advice about how to reduce air pollution on the Internet.

A. are B. is

C. have

2. （2016年长春卷） There _____ two dictionaries on the bookcase. You can use either of them.

A. is B. was

C. are D. were

3. （2016年烟台卷） There _____ a number of books in the library and the number of them _____ increasing.

A. has； is B. have； are

C. are； is D. is； are

4. （2016年绥化卷） There _____ a pencil and some pens in the box.

A. is B. are

C. arent

5. （2015年呼和浩特卷） Neither the headmaster nor the teachers _____ take a vacation next week.

A. were going to B. is going to

C. was going to D. are going to

6. （2015年安顺卷） —What would you like to have for supper？

—Either noodles or rice _____ OK. I dont mind.

A. are B. were

C. is D. was

【答案与解析】

1. B。advice是不可数名词，因此要选择is。句意为：在网上有一些如何减少空气污染的好建议。

2. C。two dictionaries属于复数，因此要选择are。

3. C。虽然靠近谓语的是a，但a number of是books的定语，books是复数，因此第一空要用are；the number of them表示“它们的数量”，属于单数，因此第二空要用is。

4. A。there be句型按就近原则确定谓语。本句中，靠近谓语的是a pencil，属于单数，因此谓语要用is。

5. D。本句的两个主语由neither ... nor连接，靠近谓语的是the teachers，属于复数，因此应选择are going to。

6. C。本句的两个主语由either ... nor连接，靠近谓语的是不可数名词rice，属于单数，因此应选择is。

二、特殊考查形式

（一）根据谓语选择主语

大多数考查主谓一致的单选题，通常都是给出主语考查谓语，但也有一些試题是通过谓语考查主语。尤其在针对both，either，each，some，none，all等不定代词的单复数辨异时，常采用这种形式来设计试题。

【中考真题】

1. （2016年黄石卷） The twins look exactly the same. _____ of them are in my class.

A. Each B. Both

C. Either D. None

2. （2016年宜昌卷） —When are we going to see the movie Zootopia， this afternoon or tonight？

—_____ is OK. Im free today.

A. Either B. Neither

C. Both D. All

3. （2014年长沙卷） _____ of us wants to go to the park today， because we have to finish so much homework.

A. Either B. Both

C. Neither

4. （2014年威海卷） —Which jacket do you prefer， this one or that one？

—_____ is OK. I dont care too much.

A. Both B. Either

C. Neither D. All

【答案与解析】

1. B。谓语动词是are，根据主谓一致原则，主语不可能是each或either；the twins指的是两个人，不能用none指代。因此本题应选择both，表示“两个（都）”。

2. A。谓语动词是is，根据主谓一致原则，主语不可能是both或all。从对话的语境看，回答者认为这两个时间中任何一个都可以，因此本题应选择either，表示“两者之中任何一个（都可以）”。

3. C。谓语动词wants是第三人称单数形式，根据主谓一致原则，主语不可能是both。另外，because we have to finish so much homework表明“我们两个人都不想去看电影”，因此应选择neither。

4. B。谓语动词是is，根据主谓一致原则，主语不可能是both或all。从对话的语境看，回答者认为这两件夹克中的任何一件都可以，因此本题应选择either。

（二）主语后有with，as well as或except短语

句子以“主语+ with / together with / as well as / except短语”开头，也是考查主谓一致的一种常见形式。这些短语用在主语后，对主语不产生人称和数的影响，即这类句子的谓语只与前面的主语保持人称和数的一致。

【中考真题】

1. （2016年甘肃卷） My sister with my parents _____ dumplings when I got home yesterday evening.

A. are making B. is making

C. was making D. were making

2. （2016年威海卷） A woman with a young boy _____ getting into Uncles car.

A. is B. are

C. has

3. （2015年泰安卷） Everybody except Mike and Linda _____ there when the meeting began.

A. is B. are

C. was D. were

4. （2014年达州卷） —I called you at 5：00 yesterday afternoon， but no one answered.

—Sorry， I with my parents _____ at that time.

A. was shopping

B. were shopping

C. are shopping

D. went shopping

【答案与解析】

1. C。主语是my sister，属于第三人称单数，with my parents不影响主语的人称和数。再根据时间状语when I got home yesterday evening判断，本题应选择was making。

2. A。主语是A woman，属于第三人称单数，with a young boy不影响主语的人称和数，因此本题应选择is。

3. C。主语是不定代词everybody，属于第三人称单数，except Mike and Linda不影响主语的人称和数。再根据时间状语when the meeting began判断，本题应选择was。

4. A。主语是I，属于第一人称单数，with my parents不影响主语的人称和数，因此本题应选择was shopping。

（三）定语从句中的谓语单复数表达法

主谓一致考点有时也安排在定语从句中，主要考查形式是给出关系代词，在选项中给出动词的单复数形式。但也有不少试题是在选项中给出“关系代词+谓语”供考生判斷选择。解答这类试题，关键是看先行词是单数还是复数。

【中考真题】

1. （2016年南充卷） Alice prefers stories that _____ short and funny.

A. are B. is

C. was D. were

2. （2016年黔东南卷） The teenagers like the musician _____ different kinds of music.

A. who play B. which plays

C. who plays D. that play

3. （2015年呼和浩特卷） The photo _____ taken by my brother last week is very nice.

A. which were B. that is

C. that were D. which was

4. （2014年呼和浩特卷） People _____ overweight need more water than thin people.

A. who is B. which are

C. that is D. who are

【答案与解析】

1. A。先行词是stories，属于指物的复数名词，定语从句的谓语也要用复数形式。再根据prefers判断用一般现在时，本题应选择are。

2. C。先行词是the musician，属于指人的单数名词，定语从句的关系代词用who或that，谓语要用单数形式，因此本题应选择who plays。

3. D。先行词是the photo，属于指物的单数名词，定语从句的关系代词用which或that，谓语要用单数形式。再根据时间状语last week判断用一般过去时，本题应选择which was。

4. D。先行词是people，属于指人的复数名词，定语从句的关系代词用who或that，谓语要用复数形式，因此本题应选择who are。

练一练：

从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出一个能完成该句的最佳选项。

1. Either Jane or Steven _____ watching the TV play now.

A. were B. was

C. is D. are

2. —How many lessons do you usually have a day？

—Six lessons a day. And each of them _____ 45 minutes.

A. last B. lasts

C. have D. are

3. —Whose _____ this pair of glasses？

—Sorry， I dont know.

A. is B. be

C. are D. will be

4. Neither my brother nor I _____ a basketball player.

A. is B. are

C. be D. am

5. —Mrs. Smith with her two babies _____ when the earthquake happened.

—It was too dangerous for them.

A. were sleeping

B. is sleeping

C. was sleeping

D. are asleep

6. That place is not interesting at all. _____ of us wants to go there.

A. Neither B. Both

C. All D. Some

7. —Both Lily and Lucy _____ to the party yesterday.

—But Lily said she didnt accept the invitation.

A. invited B. was invited

C. had invited D. were invited

8. —Two months _____ quite a long time for Mike to be in hospital.

—Yes. Im afraid that he will miss lots of his lessons.

A. is B. are

C. was D. were

9. Most of his spare time _____ spent in reading.

A. are B. is

C. were D. have been

10. Not only Tom but also his wife _____ fond of watching television.

A. are B. were

C. is D. be

11. —I hear you are going to have a picnic. Is it true？

—Yes， but when and where to go for it _____ yet.

A. does not decide

B. do not decide

C. have not been decided

D. has not been decided

12. Each of my classmates _____ a Chinese-English dictionary.

A. has B. have

C. have bought D. there is

13. Between the two rows of trees _____ the teaching building.

A. stand B. stands

C. are standing D. are

14. —Writing stories and articles _____ what I enjoy most.

—Me， too.

A. was B. were

C. is D. are

15. The number of the people invited to attend the meeting _____ one hundred and fifty， but a number of them _____ absent for different reasons.

A. were； was B. was； was

C. were； were D. was； were

16. —The air in big cities _____ very dirty by factories.

—I agree with you.

A. are often made

B. is often made

C. have often made

D. has often made

17. The Chinese _____ hard-working and brave people.

A. are B. is

C. has been D. are being

18. Those who _____ in _____ compositions， please hand them in this afternoon.

A. hasnt handed； his

B. havent handed； their

C. has handed； their

D. have handed； his

19. —Physics _____ more interesting than maths， I think.

—I also think so. Besides， maths _____ more difficult.

A. were； was B. was； were

C. is； is D. are； are

20. There _____ a desk， two beds and four chairs in the room.

A. are B. is

C. has D. have

21. Lucy， together with her two brothers， often _____ to the park on Sundays.

A. go B. goes

C. are going D. is going

22. There _____ a pair of shoes on the floor. The shoes _____ mine.

A. are； is B. is； is

C. are； are D. is； are

23. —Could you please get me a piano， mum？

—Id like to， but there _____ enough room for one in our house.

A. hasnt B. havent

C. isnt D. arent

24. A library with 50，000 books _____ to that school as a gift.

A. is offered B. has offered

C. are offered D. have offered

25. —Two days _____ not enough for me to finish the work.

—Do you mean you need a third day？

A. are B. is

C. have D. has

26. Mary as well as her sisters _____ Chinese in Shanghai now.

A. study B. studied

C. are studying D. is studying

27. Ten minutes _____ to be an hour when one is waiting for a phone call.

A. seems B. seem

C. seemed D. was seeming

28. The population of China _____ larger than that of any other country in the world.

A. is B. are

C. has D. have

29. —_____ either of your parents come to see you recently？

—No. My father will come next month.

A. Have B. Had

C. Has D. Is

30. —Here _____ a pen， a few pencils and some paper for you.

—OK. Thank you.

A. are B. is

C. was D. were

（參考答案见第87页）