急性胰腺炎评分系统的应用及研究进展

2017-03-08 23:31张映媛
胃肠病学和肝病学杂志 2017年5期
关键词:病死率胰腺胰腺炎

张映媛,黄 华

昆明医科大学第二附属医院消化内科,云南 昆明 650000

急性胰腺炎评分系统的应用及研究进展

张映媛,黄 华

昆明医科大学第二附属医院消化内科,云南 昆明 650000

急性胰腺炎(acute pancreatitis, AP)是常见消化系统急重症之一。20%~30%会发展为急性重症胰腺炎(severe acute pancreatitis,SAP),其病情凶险、并发症多、预后差。早期进行评估及合理治疗,能大大降低并发症及病死率,节约医疗资源,减少住院费用,对AP患者诊治及预后有重要意义。目前国内外常用的Ranson、APACHEⅡ、CTSI评分系统,及近年有学者提出的PANC-3、JSS、HAPS、POP等评分系统,各有利弊。本文对现有的AP评分系统及近年来的研究进展作一概述。

急性胰腺炎;评分系统;严重程度;预后

急性胰腺炎(acute pancreatitis,AP)是指多种病因引起的胰酶激活,以胰腺局部炎症反应为主要特征,伴或不伴其他脏器功能障碍或代谢紊乱的疾病,是常见消化系统急重症之一。根据2012年亚特兰大国际共识修订分类,临床上分为轻度AP(mild acute pancreatitis,MAP)、中度AP(moderately severe acute pancreatitis,MSAP)和重度AP(severe acute pancreatitis,SAP)[1-2]。MAP一般病情较轻,多呈自限性,通常在1~2周内恢复。SAP占AP的20%~30%,常伴器官功能衰竭和(或)胰腺局部并发症,病情凶险、预后差,病死率为36%~50%[3]。随着研究不断深入,目前国内外常用评分和近年来有学者新提出新型评分系统在SAP诊治方面取得巨大进展。

1 国内外常用临床评分系统

1.1 Ranson评分 Ranson评分于1974年由Ranson等[4]提出,包括入院时5项指标和48 h 6项指标,能反映AP局部病变、全身炎性反应及第三间隙丢失情况,评分≥3分提示SAP。Valverde-Lpez等[5]发现Ranson评分对判断SAP病死率的敏感度约82%,在预测持续器官功能衰竭和病死率方面具有较高的准确性。但该评分也有其缺点:所含指标过多,操作繁琐,需进行二次评估,缺乏动态性和连续性,不能在急诊科发挥时效性[6]。尽管如此,Ranson评分仍是国内外和大多数指南推荐的常用评分标准。基于该评分系统,也衍生出如APACHEⅡ、Balthazar CT、Glasgow等其他评分。

1.2 APACHE Ⅱ评分 急性生理和慢性健康状况评分(acute physiology and chronic health evaluation Ⅱ,APACHE Ⅱ)由Knaus等[7]于1981年提出,经修改,目前有APACHEⅡ、APACHE Ⅲ及APACHE O评分,但仍以APACHEⅡ应用最多,由急性生理指数、年龄指数和慢性健康指数三部分构成,评分≥8分提示SAP。评分>15分,高度怀疑AP合并深部真菌感染;评分≥12分时,院内病死率极高[8]。Yang等[9]发现该评分能准确判断高脂血症性胰腺炎(hyperlipidemic pancreatitis,HLAP)。在一项低血压联合APACHE Ⅱ评分诊断SAP的研究中发现,APACHE Ⅱ预测胰腺坏死的对比值高达4.77[10]。APACHEⅡ评分客观全面,不受时间限制,可动态监测SAP多器官受累情况。该评分侧重于全身并发症的演变,对局部并发症预测能力较弱;且指标较为繁琐,无法及时提供所需内容,容易造成误差。

1.3 CTSI评分 CT严重程度指数评分(computed tomography severity index,CTSI)由Balthazar等[11]在1985年首先提出Balthazar CT分级,为提高对SAP预测,1990年将Balthazar CT分级与胰腺自身坏死联系起来,提出CTSI评分,当评分≥4分提示SAP。2004年Mortele等对该评分进行修改、形成了简化CTSI评分(modified computed tomography severity index,MCTSI),其更能反映胰腺外并发症(胸腔积液、腹水、胃肠道侵犯等),MCTSI>8分提示SAP。Karagöz等[12]发现,增强CT联合MCTSI评分能更加准确地诊断需要入住ICU的AP患者。但使用造影剂检查可能加重病情,造影剂过敏或合并肾功能不全者为禁忌证;胰周坏死和假性囊肿形成多数不在AP发病初期,评估需要在入院后2~3 d,不利于SAP的早期判断[13]。但作为国际常用评分,CTSI评分对AP局部并发症发生率及病死率的预测仍有不可替代的价值。

1.4 Glasgow(Imrie)评分 Glasgow评分于1978年由Imrie等[14]提出,经过两次修改,也称Imrie标准。包括年龄、白细胞计数、血糖、血尿素氮(BUN)、动脉氧分压、血钙、白蛋白、乳酸脱氢酶8项参数构成,入院48 h评分>3分是判断SAP的有效阈值,多用于酒精或胆石所致AP的评估。Glasgow评分较Ranson评分有较高特异度和阳性预测值[15],它继承了Ranson评分的优点,同时评估所需指标减少,增强了可行性;缺点是仍需入院48 h进行评估,具有一定滞后性。

1.5 BISAP评分 严重程度床边指数(bedside index for severity in acute pancreatitis,BISAP)由Wu等[16]于2008年提出,包括BUN、精神神经状态异常、全身炎症反应综合征、年龄和胸腔积液5项指标,评分≥3分提示SAP及病死率风险明显升高。Yang等[17]在一项Meta分析中发现,BISAP评分灵敏度较低,但用于评估SAP严重程度其特异度则高达83.62%。BISAP评分是一种简易、及时、全面的评分[18],无论在准确性、时效性,还是在早期识别院内病死率风险性方面优势都尤为突出。

2 其他评分系统

2.1 PANC-3评分 PANC-3评分是2007年由Brown等[19]提出。评分包括3个SAP危险因子:(1)血清红细胞比积(HCT)>44 mg/dl;(2)体质量指数(BMI)>30 mg/kg;(3)胸片提示胸腔积液。SAP早期胰酶和炎性介质使毛细血管通透性增加,出现全身毛细血管渗漏综合征(CLS),血浆外渗透至第三间隙,HCT能及时反映微循环障碍及血液浓缩。有研究表明,入院24 h内HCT≥44%对预测持续性器官衰竭和胰腺坏死的AUC值分别为0.67和0.66,明显优于其他实验室指标和APACHE Ⅱ评分;HCT<44者,能肯定无胰腺坏死,且48 h后其预测价值无明显差异[20]。在炎性介质介导下,将富含胰酶的液体输送至纵隔淋巴丛及胸膜下间隙,加重膈肌炎症并形成渗出性积液[21],作为SAP的独立危险因子,胸腔积液也同样被纳入BISAP、MCTSI、PANC-3、EPIC评分中。随着肥胖人群逐年增加,BMI对AP的预测价值日益受到关注。AP合并肥胖者,大量炎症介质和游离脂肪酸,损伤胰腺微循环造成胰腺出血坏死,BMI超标者发展成为SAP的速度快且预后差。Kumaravel等[22]利用淀粉酶结合BMI,提出了新的计算比值比公式模型以确定AP损伤坏死。

一项对65例患者的前瞻性研究发现,PANC-3评分对评估SAP的灵敏度31.25%,特异度100%,阳性预测值100%,阴性预测值81.66%,准确度83.07%,且与Ranson评分有较好的相关性[23]。Beduschi等[24]在最新研究中指出,PANC-3评分中变量胸腔积液为最重要的预测因子,这不同于最初的研究(红细胞比积是一个更强的预测,胸腔积液和BMI只是表示一种病情演变趋势),该研究强化了先前描述的事实,还提出该评分与住院时间也有一定相关性。总之,PANC-3评分系统能迅速评估并分流疑似有发展为SAP危险因素的患者,将其转至重症监护病房,有利于在72 h范围内的干预和管理,是一种极为简单又能够准确评估SAP严重程度及预后的新型评分。

2.2 JSS评分 日本严重度评分(Japanese severe score,JSS)由5项临床征象(休克、呼吸衰竭、神志错乱、严重感染、出血体质)、10项血试验(BE、Ht、BUN、血钙、血糖、PaO2、LDH、总蛋白、凝血酶原时间、血小板计数)、CT分级Ⅳ或Ⅴ、SIRS评分≥3和年龄(≥70岁)作为评分指标[25]。AP在入院第1个48 h内持续发生SIRS的病死率明显高于短暂发生SIRS者或未发生SIRS者;故JSS评分纳入了SIRS标准,全面综合考虑了器官衰竭及CT影像学改变。当JSS评分≥4分,给予肠内营养可显著减少AP的病死率[26]。在对17 091例患者研究发现,该评分中9大预后因子对AP的多器官衰竭发生率及院内病死率方面准确性高达0.798[27]。但JSS评分项目多,操作复杂,故临床使用受到限制。

2.3 HAPS评分 无害性急性胰腺炎评分(harmless acute pancreatitis score,HAPS)是由Lankisch等[28]于2009年提出的一种简单、快速、可行性强的新型评分。它包括:(1)无反跳痛和肌紧张;(2)血细胞比积正常(异常:男性>43 mg/dl,女性>39.6 mg/dl);(3)血肌酐正常(异常:>177 mmol/L)。若3项均无异常视为无害,即为MAP,用于快速鉴别MAP与SAP。该评分对评估入住重症监护病房、住院时间、并发症、医院感染、住院病死率上有一定优势[29-30]。与其他评分最大的区别在于:它能准确预测出不会发展为SAP的患者,及时分类干预治疗,对AP的简易评估和急诊出院的硬性指标有一定临床意义。

2.4 POP评分 胰腺炎结局预测评分系统(pancreatitis outcome prediction,POP)是2007年由Harrison等[31]提出,包含血pH值、年龄、BUN、平均动脉压、氧和指数和血清钙6项参数,评分>10提示SAP。当评分≥14分时对病死率的敏感度为90%,特异度为92%,明显优于其他评分[32]。其中BUN作为蛋白质的代谢产物,SAP发生时,组织液进入第3间隙,导致肾灌注不足,BUN可反映体内低血容量和高分解状态。入院时BUN升高(>20 mg/dl)或24 h内仍有上升趋势,可直接作为评估SAP的最优预测因子[33]。在Glasgow、Ranson、BISAP、JSS、POP、SPS评分的参数中都有BUN,可见其在SAP的评估中占有重要地位。

2.5 MEWS评分 改良早期预警评分(modified early warning score,MEWS)最早由Morgan等提出,后经Subbe等[34]修改,形成新的MEWS评分,从心率、收缩压、呼吸频率、体温和意识5个方面评估,入院72 h内评分>3分,提示SAP死亡风险高。MEWS评分方便、及时、可行性强、可靠性高,是一种简单的床边生理评分,对器官衰竭预测敏感性及特异性较强,特别是发病后第2、3天[35]。但目前针对该评分的相关研究较少,在对SAP的判断上还有待进一步证实。

2.6 EPIC评分 Kaya等[36]认为,某些AP患者在发生胰腺坏死以前就已出现全身并发症,其严重程度超过了影像学的判断,CTSI评分与胰腺外并发症无明显相关性;且入院后48 h不宜再行增强CT检查。基于上述CTSI评分不足之处,2007年De Waele等[37]提出了胰腺外炎症CT评分(extra pancreatic inflammation on CT score,EPIC),通过观察胸水、腹水、腹膜后炎症及肠系膜炎症的腹部CT表现,更好预测胰腺外并发症,当EPIC≥4分时,诊断SAP的敏感度及特异度为100%和70.8%。该评分在预测SAP病死率及合并急性肾衰竭、感染性休克方面较先前的影像学评分更有价值[38]。其最大优点在于不需行增强CT,避免了使用造影剂所造成的肾毒性,加重SAP病情。

2.7 SPS评分 简易评分系统(simple prognostic score,SPS)由Ueda等[39]于2007年提出,评分包括BUN≥25 mg/dl,乳酸脱氢酶≥900 IU/L,CT提示胰腺坏死3个指标。入院时这3个因素以0~3分来记分,通过比较SPS、Ranson、APACHEⅡ及Glasgow评分在ROC曲线下面积(AUC)分别为0.83、0.83、0.81及0.75,认为SAP患者使用SPS评分保持较高阳性分值,达2~6 d,是预测AP 严重程度较为方便、简单的评分系统,目前同JSS评分一样已在日本临床中得到广泛运用[40]。

AP病情变化复杂,进展迅速,既有局部病变又涉及全身多个系统。随着研究不断深入,将生理指标、血液生化、影像学检查相结合,新型评分系统的建立在SAP诊治上都取得巨大进展。最理想的评分系统应具有指标构成简单、操作性强、能节约医疗资源,减少住院费用,可被大多数医院推广实施等特点。但目前尚无任何单一评分系统能够覆盖AP诊治的全过程,对其作出准确的判断[41-42]。因此,我们只有将各个评分系统联合起来,及时准确地评估病情,指导临床采取合理治疗措施,才能提高AP治愈率、降低病死率、改善预后。

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(责任编辑:李 健)

Application and research progress of scoring systems of acute pancreatitis

ZHANG Yingyuan, HUANG Hua

Department of Gastroenterology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650000, China

Acute pancreatitis (AP) is one of the acute diseases in digestive system. About 20%~30% of all AP cases will transform into severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) with its dangerous condition, more complications and poor prognosis. Early assessment and providing reasonable treatment, can greatly reduce the complications and mortality, save the medical resources, reduce the cost of hospitalization and may have a great significance to the diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of AP patients. At present, the commonly used at home and abroad Ranson, APACHEⅡ, CTSI scoring systems, as well as PANC-3, JSS, HAPS, POP and other scoring systems in recent years, each has its pros and cons. This article will introduce the existing AP scoring systems and discuss recent research progress in review.

Acute pancreatitis; Scoring systems; Severity; Prognosis

10.3969/j.issn.1006-5709.2017.05.031

张映媛,硕士研究生在读,研究方向:消化系统疾病。E-mail:zhangyingyuan5202@163.com

黄华,硕士,主任医师,硕士研究生导师,研究方向:消化系统疾病的临床诊治和教学。E-mail:hhtrq@163.com

R576

A

1006-5709(2017)05-0594-04

2016-07-25

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