魏 刚,房万菊,周湘忠,赵树武
乙醛脱氢酶2基因多态性与心血管疾病的研究进展
魏 刚,房万菊,周湘忠,赵树武
近年来乙醛脱氢酶2基因多态性与心血管疾病相关性研究取得一定成果。本研究对近年来乙醛脱氢酶2基因多态性与心血管疾病,如血脂、动脉粥样硬化、冠心病、心力衰竭、高血压、硝酸酯类药物的相关性研究进展进行综述。
心血管疾病;乙醛脱氢酶2;基因多态性;研究进展
近年来心血管疾病与乙醛脱氢酶2(ALDH2,Aldehyde dehydrogenase 2)基因多态性(SNP,Single Nueleotide Polymorphism)的关系日益受到重视。本研究就近些年相关研究进行综述。
作为人体内重要的酒精代谢调节酶ALDH2也是极其重要的抗氧化应激酶。ALDH2基因全长44kb,位于人12号染色体,存13个外显子,信号肽将其基因编码的前体蛋白引导入线粒体内,后将其剪切并定位于线粒体[1]。ALDH2存在于人体内心脏、肾脏、肝脏、脑、肺等器官内。人类编码ALDH2基因存84个SNP位点,目前Glu504Lys SNP位点(rs671)是研究热点之一,该SNP位点主要为腺嘌呤(突变型,A)取代鸟嘌呤(野生型,G),导致所编码的蛋白第504位氨基酸由谷氨酸替换赖氨酸[2]。有研究发现,亚洲人体内该SNP位点的突变率达40%,但高加索人的发生率不足5%[3]。有研究发现,该位点存两个等位基因即G等位基因(野生型,ALDH2*1),具有催化活性;A等位基因(突变型,ALDH2*2),无催化活性。因而人群中共存在3种ALDH2基因型即:GG型(ALDH2*1/*1,野生纯合型),催化活性正常;GA型(ALDH2*1/*2,突变杂合型),催化活性降低;AA型(ALDH2*1/*2,突变纯合型),催化活性极低,仅为正常状况下1%至5%左右[4]。 大量研究发现,ALDH2 SNP分布频率在不同种族人群间存显著性差异[5-6]。有学者研究发现,ALDH2 SNP在亚洲人中最为常见,且主要集中于中国及日本人中[7]。有学者对汉族人ALDH2 SNP进行分析发现,GG型、GA型、AA型在汉族人中分布频率分别为79%,20%及1%,G等位基因与A等位基因分频率则分别为89%和11%,杂合度为34%[8]。ALDH2等位基因在不同地区人群中分布不同,分析认为其可能与群体样本的参与性及选择性偏倚有关。
有研究证实,ALDH2 SNP对人的饮酒频率及饮酒量有一定程度影响,与非酗酒者相比,ALDH2*2性等位基因在酗酒者体内其频率明显偏高[9]。有学者证实,突变型ALDH2基因会对人饮酒量进行控制,其可能与ALDH2基因型影响人体内酶活性密切相关,影响乙醛向乙酸的转化,可能导致在体内大量积聚乙醛,诱发代谢障碍,引起心动过速、面部潮红、恶心等反应,进而影响人饮酒行为[10]。
有研究证实,适度饮酒可增高人体内高密度脂蛋白水平,进而起到保护冠心病的作用[11]。有学者对非饮酒者进行观察发现,ALDH2基因型与高密度脂蛋白密切相关,且其相关性与饮酒因素并不相关[12]。
环境因素及基因因素均为影响人体内三酰甘油水平的重要因素,有学者利用全基因组关联分析发现人体内血脂水平受SNP位点因素的影响,其对7个SNP位点分析发现,饮酒者体内三酰甘油水平与ALDH2 re671位点显著相关,但在非饮酒者人体内并未发现该相关性[13]。深入研究发现,携带GG型基因的男性体内三酰甘油水平明显高于其他AA/GA型男性,且该基因型男性三酰甘油水平受摄入酒精量的增加而升高[14]。
有学者对383例健康人进行分析发现,在三种基因型人群中高低密度脂蛋白血症病人的比例分别为GG型31.9%,GA型45.3%和AA型29.0%,调整包括饮酒状态等变量后分析发现,AA型基因与GA型基因与高低密度脂蛋白血症正相关,进而推测认为ALDH2 SNP对人体的血脂状态产生一定程度的影响[15]。但LDL-C与ALDH2 SNP的关系及影响方式还有待于深入研究。
流行病学研究发现,相较于白种人,黄种人并发动脉粥样硬化的概率明显偏低,分析认为包括血栓调节蛋白、载脂蛋白E及ALDH2的基因多态性可能是影响动脉粥样硬化的主要遗传因素[16]。有学者对304例颈动脉粥样硬化病人分析发现,ALDH2*1/*2及ALDH2*2/*2型病人病灶区斑块评分显著低于ALDH2*1/*1,且在对饮酒因素及常规心血管影响因素进行控制后发现,低斑块评分与ALDH2*2/*2型基因密切相关[17]。因而推测,病人颈动脉粥样硬化程度与ALDH2 SNP相关,ALDH2突变型等位基因是人体内重要的动脉粥样硬化保护性因素之一。脑梗死病人体内ALDH2 SNP与病人颈动脉粥样硬化病灶区的形成及病灶类型存在一定相关性,研究发现,脑梗死组病人病灶形成比例显著高于健康者,且病人GA型及AA型出现频率明显偏高,且该基因型病人病灶区易损度明显偏高[18]。因而推测,ALDH2 SNP与脑梗死患者颈动脉粥样硬化病灶区稳定性密切相关。
由于冠状动脉粥样硬化与颈动脉粥样硬化存一定相关性,因而推测冠状动脉粥样硬化程度与ALDH2 SNP也存在一定相关性。但有学者研究发现ALDH2突变型及野生型病人间冠状动脉粥样硬化病灶区Gensini评分及严重程度并无显著性差异。近期研究发现,ALDH2的抗动脉粥样硬化活性主要通过4-羟基壬烯醛等实现[19]。但目前关于动脉粥样硬化与ALDH2 SNP间的关系及其具体相互作用关系还有待于深入研究。
目前有大量学者对冠心病与ALDH2 SNP间的关系进行了深入研究[20-21]。其中有人对1 820例无心血管疾病男性与342例心肌梗死男性病人进行分析发现,ALDH2 Lys/Lys型为心肌梗死男性患者的主要危险性因素之一。Logistic回归分析发现其OR值为1.56且具有统计学意义[22]。当引入高密度脂蛋白水平作为独立变量后,心肌梗死病发率与ALDH2 SNP的相关性明显下降,因而推测ALDH2 SNP可能通过影响患者体内高密度脂蛋白水平进而影响心肌梗死发生率[23]。全基因组关联分析结果显示,ALDH2突变型基因携带者其心肌梗死临床发病率显著高于野生型,回归分析发现,ALDH2 SNP及高密度脂蛋白水平均为老年病人病发心肌梗死的独立性危险性因素[24]。
关于冠心病与ALDH2 SNP间的关系,有大量学者也做了相关研究[25]。对不稳定型心绞痛及心肌梗死病人进行分析发现,突变型ALDH2病人的心肌梗死及糖尿病发病率明显高于野生型,且饮酒发生率也明显偏低,但两组病人其冠状动脉严重程度差异无统计学意义,深入分析发现,虽然ALDH2 SNP是病发心肌梗死的独立性危险因素,但其与冠脉严重程度并无统计学意义[26]。深入探讨急性冠脉综合征与Glu504Lys位点的风险关系发现,急性冠脉综合征病人ALDH2突变型基因携带率明显偏高,回归分析结果显示,ALDH2基因型与急性冠脉综合征独立相关,但当对饮酒等因素调整后其相关程度明显减弱,且在对原发性ST段抬高性心肌梗死病人进行深入分析时也得到类似结论[27]。此外,研究结果还提示急性冠脉综合征病人体内高敏C反应蛋白与ALDH2 SNP类型显著相关[28]。但冠状动脉狭窄数、肱动脉扩张及Gensini评分与ALDH2 SNP无相关性,这提示ALDH2 SNP可作为评价急性冠脉综合征的潜在基因危险标记之一。有学者研究发现,冠心病病人ALDH2 A等位基因频率高于健康人,矫正其他因素后发现,A等位基因可增加病患冠心病的风险[29]。为进一步对饮酒因素进行分析发现,携A等位基因且不饮酒人群其病发冠心病的风险明显偏高。研究还发现,在健康不饮酒人群中,ALDH2 AA型基因携带者其血浆中高密度脂蛋白水平显著低于GG型基因携带者[30]。
缺血及缺氧应激可诱导正常心肌细胞出现凋亡及坏死,而线粒体作为细胞中极其重要的能量代谢细胞器,其常常在初期即受到一定程度影响。当心肌出现缺血病灶后,氧自由基大量堆积导致生物膜中脂肪酸光氧化,产生大量醛基堆积。在脂质过氧化反应产物中4-羟基壬烯醛是最具代表性的醛基产物之一,ALDH2可起到调节4-羟基壬烯醛代谢的作用,其通过解毒4-羟基壬烯醛而发挥改善心室重构和抗心肌细胞凋亡的作用。蛋白质组学研究发现,心功能衰竭病人心肌中线粒体内ALDH2显著偏低,并随心功能衰竭延长,ALDH2水平也持续降低[31]。有学者利用转基因技术发现,ALDH2过表达后,可有效减轻酒精中毒诱发的心肌肥厚、心力衰竭,改善心肌收缩功能,缓解心肌纤维化及抗内质网应激[32]。在静注硝酸甘油后发现稳定型心力衰竭病人血压及左室舒张末期容积均明显下降,左室射血分数明显增加,此外ALDH2野生纯合子患者比突变型病人变化趋势更为明显。现阶段有关ALDH2 SNP与心力衰竭的相关性研究仍然不足,需进一步扩大临床实验分析心力衰竭与ALDH2间关系。
大量研究证实,饮酒史可能诱发原发性高血压的重要因素[33]。血压水平与饮酒量呈正相关关系,当饮酒量大于50 g每天时其病发原发性高血压的概率明显增加,其中与ALDH2突变型人群相比,在ALDH2野生型人群中,血压与饮酒的关系更为紧密[34]。Meta分析结果显示,ALDH2野生纯合型基因携带者患原发性高血压的风险是ALDH2突变型的2倍以上[35]。有学者利用动态监测方式对男性自愿者分析发现,饮酒无法改变其24 h内平均血压,但在饮酒5 h内可降低ALDH2野生型基因携带者舒张压及ALDH2突变型基因携带者舒张压及收缩压,大量饮酒后ALDH2突变型基因携带者的高血压风险明显增加,分析其可能与机体内乙醛在血液中大量堆积有关[36]。此外,有研究显示饮酒、高密度脂蛋白及γ-谷氨酰转移酶与ALDH2 SNP有一定相关性。在对1 021名健康自愿者与1 098例原发性高血压病人进行研究发现,饮酒者原发性高血压发病风险与rs671A等位基因与G/A基因型有关[37]。此外,甘油三酯、血压、高密度脂蛋白水平与rs671基因型相关,携带A等位基因饮酒人群甘油三酯及收缩压明显偏低,高密度脂蛋白水平则明显升高,但在非饮酒者中并未发现其相似结果,提示原发性高血压易感性与rs671密切相关,但病人血脂和血压的rs671相关性还有待深入研究。
ALDH2是人体内重要的抗氧化应激保护因子,ALDH2突变型基因人群中体内氧化应激水平明显增加,因而其也是高血压的重要易感基因[38]。特发性高血压与ALDH2 SNP关系与饮酒量并不依赖。但高血压与ALDH2基因型的关系及作用机制还有待于深入研究。
硝酸酯类药物时临床中常用的心血管药物,主要有硝酸甘油、单硝酸异山梨脂、硝酸异山梨脂是常用的基础性药物,其主要作用机制为舒张血管平滑肌、扩张血管、减少心肌耗氧量等。有学者指出在硝酸甘油的转化过程中ALDH2 SNP起到重要作用,有学者研究表明硝酸甘油疗效与ALDH2 SNP密切相关[39]。在硝酸甘油有效人群中ALDH2野生型基因所占比例明显高于无效人群,且Glu504蛋白酶活性明显高于Lys504。但有学者研究发现,冠心病心绞痛的硝酸甘油有效性与ALDH2 SNP并无显著性关系[15]。因而,硝酸酯类药物与ALDH2基因型的关系及作用机制还有待于深入研究。
近年来,心血管疾病与ALDH2 SNP的关系研究已取得一定成果,现已初步证实冠心病、心肌梗死、高脂血症、硝酸甘油疗效与ALDH2突变型密切相关,但其具体机制还有待于深入研究。此外,现阶段的研究成果多为临床观察结果,其影响因素未有效排除,未来应设计更为科学严谨地研究方案,分析ALDH2 SNP、饮酒习惯、心血管疾病等相关性。
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(本文编辑王雅洁)
天津市滨海新区大港医院(天津 300270)
房万菊,E-mail:kff320@126.com
R541 R256
A
10.3969/j.issn.1672-1349.2017.06.015
1672-1349(2017)06-0691-05
2016-09-22)
引用信息: 魏刚,房万菊,周湘忠,等.乙醛脱氢酶2基因多态性与心血管疾病的研究进展[J].中西医结合心脑血管病杂志,2017,15(6):691-695.