动词时态和语态解析技巧

罗杨宇星

[标志词汇要辨清]

所谓标志词，即指在使用不同时态时常用的一些特定时间状语。识别了特定时态的特定时间状语，对于动词时态和语态的高考选择题的学习，将是事倍功半的。

例1 （2015四川卷） More expressways in Sichuan soon to promote the local economy.

A. are being built B. will be built

C. have been built D. had been built

解析 B。标志词为soon。根据时间状语soon可知，考査将来时。句意：四川将建设更多的高速公路以促进当地的经济发展。

例2 （2015安徽卷） It is reported that a space station on the moon in years to come.

A. will be building B. will be built

C. has been building D. has been built

解析 B。标志词为in years。根据in years to come可知用将来时，space station和build是动宾关系，空间站是被建造的，应该使用被动语态。句意：据报道，人们在未来的几年里将在月球上建一个空间站。

例3 （2015天津卷） Jane cant attend the meeting at 3 oclock this afternoon because she a class at that time.

A. will teach B. would teach

C. has taught D. will be teaching

解析 D。标志词为at that time，即at 3 oclock this afternoon。表示在将来的某一时刻正在做某事，故用将来进行时。句意：简不能参加今天下午三点钟的会议，因为她那个时候在给学生上课。

例4 （2015天津卷） Despite the previous rounds of talks， no agreement so far by the two sides.

A. has been reached B. was reached

C. will reach D. will have reached

解析 A。标志词为so far。根据句中的时间状语so far“到目前为止”可知用现在完成时。主语agreement与reach为被动关系。句意：尽管之前经过多轮谈判，但到目前为止双方没有达成任何协议。

例5 （2015北京卷） In the last few years， China great achievements in environmental protection.

A. has made B. had made

C. was making D is making

解析 A。标志词为In the last few years。由时间状语in the last few years 可推知动作从过去一段时间持续到现在并对现在造成影响，用现在完成时。句意：在过去的这些年里，中国在环境保护方面取得了很大的成就。

[主从时态须呼应]

主从时态呼应即指，如果题干是主从复合句，可根据主从句时态呼应的原则选择相应的时态。

例6 （2015北京卷） —Did you enjoy the party？

—Yes， we by our hosts.

A. were treated B. would be treated

C. treated D. had treated

解析 A。句意：—你喜欢这个聚会吗？—是的，我们得到了主人款待。根据上一句中的did可知用一般过去时；且we和treated是动宾关系，用被动语态。所以空中应用一般过去时的被动语态。

例7 （2015湖南卷） I wasnt able to hide my eagerness when I ， “What do you wish me to do now？”

A. ask B. have asked

C. am asking D. asked

解析 D。句意：当我问道，“你希望我现在做些什么？”的时候，我无法隐藏我的渴望。一般过去时表示过去某个时间里发生的动作，常和表示过去的时间状语连用。此题主句的时态为一般过去时，表示这个事情和动作发生在过去，故从句时态也要用一般过去时。

例8 （2015安徽卷） Just as I got to the school gate， I realized I my bank in the cafe.

A. have left B. had left

C would leave D. was leaving

解析 B。句意：当我刚刚走到学校大门口时，我就意识到把银行卡忘在餐馆了。realized后省略了that，这里是一个宾语从句，从句时态与主句保持一致，“落下”的动作发生在“意识到”之前，应该用过去完成时。

例9 （2015湖南卷） As you go through this book， you that each of the millions of people who lived through World War II had a different experience.

A. will find B. found

C. had found D. have found

解析 A。句意：当你通读这本书时，你将会发现成千上万经历过二战的每个人都有不同的经历。根据句意，判断主语的时态为一般将来时。一般将来时表示将要发生的动作或情况。在时态为一般将来时的句子中，有时有表示将来时间的状语，有时没有时间状语，这时要从意思上判断是否指未来的动作或情况。

[语境体会有诀窍]

很多高考试题都趋向于情景化，注重上下文的理解。因此只有仔细体会语境才是解题的诀窍。

例10 （2015北京卷） —Did you have difficulty finding Ann house？

—Not really. She us clear directions and we were able to find it easily.

A. was to give B. had given

C. was giving D. would give

解析 B。句意：—你觉得找到安娜家的位置困难么？ —不会。她告诉了我们清晰的方位，然后我们很容易就找到了。根据题干可知，安娜“给我们很清晰的方位”发生在“我们找到她家之前”，因此，发生在过去动作之前的动作要用过去完成时。

例11 （2015重庆卷） —Is Peter coming？

—No， he his mind after a phone call at the last minute.

A. changes B. changed

C. was changing D. had changed

解析 B。句意：—彼得来了吗？—没有，最后一刻接到一个电话后他改变主意了。根据语境可知发生在过去，故用一般过时态。

例12 （2015北京卷）—Dr. Jackson is not in his office at the moment.

— All right. I him later.

A. will call B. have called

C. call D will be calling

解析 A。句意：—Dr. Jackson现在不在办公室。—好的，我待会再打给他。由later可知，表示将来要执行的动作，用一般将来时。

[练习]

1. To my delight， I from hundreds of applicants to attend the opening ceremony.

A. was chosen B. was being chosen

C. would choose D. had chosen

2. —Where is Peter？ I cant find him anywhere.

—He went to the library after breakfast and

his essay there ever since.

A. wrote B. had written

C. has been writing D. is writing

3. He must have sensed that I him. He suddenly glanced at me and said quietly， “Why are you staring at me like that？”

A. would look at B. looked at

C. was looking at D. am looking at

4. I had a strong desire to reach in and play with the toy， but thankfully by the shop window.

A. am held back B. held back

C. hold back D. was held back

5. That is why I help brighten peoples days. If you ， whos to say that another person will？

A. did not B. do not

C. were not D. have not

6. The real reason why prices ， and still are， too high is complex， and no short discussion can satisfactorily explain this problem.

A. were B. will be

C. have been D. had been

7. At college， Barack Obama didnt know that he the first black president of the United States of America.

A. was to become B. becomes

C. is to become D. became

8. Albert Einstein was born in 1879. As a child， few people guessed that he a famous scientist whose theories would change the world.

A. has been B. had been

C. was going to be D. was

9. Marty really hard on his book and he thinks hell have finished it by Friday.

A. worked B. has been working

C. had worked D. has worked

10. In my hometown， there is always a harvest supper for the farmers after all the wheat cut.

A. will have been B. will be

C. was D. has been

[参考答案]

1～5. ACCDB 6～10. AACBD