特殊句式之省略句

杨承文

在语言运用中，尤其是在口语中，省略是常见的语言现象。在上下文中，则任何句子成分都可能省略，省略部分根据具体语境进行理解。

[谓语动词中的省略]

在某些表示虚拟语气的主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中，从句谓语动词中的should可以省略。这些句子一般包含如下动词及其派生词：一坚持（insist），二命令（order，command），三建议（suggest，propose，advise），四要求（demand，require，request，ask）。

Janes pale face suggested that she was ill and her parents suggested that she have a medical examination.

及It is necessary （important，impossible，strange， natural，a pity，no wonder） that...等主语从句中。

It is necessary that the problem be solved at once.

例1 It sounds like something is wrong with the cars engine. ， wed better take it to the garage immediately.

A. Otherwise B. If not

C. But for that D. If so

解析 D。句意：听起来车的发动机好像有问题，如果那样的话，我们最好立刻把它弄到汽修厂去。前后两句话之间是顺承关系。otherwise否则，要不然；if not要不，不然；but for that若不是因为那件事；if so若是这样。

[定语从句中的省略]

（1）在限制性定语从句中，作宾语的关系代词that， which，who（whom）常可以省略。

The man I saw is called Tom.

Where is the pen I bought this morning？

（2）关系副词when，where，why及that在the time when，the place where，the reason why，the way that结构中引导限制性定语从句时，在非正式场合下，可以省略关系副词when，where，why和that等。

I shall never forget the day we first met.

The reason he came so early is his own affair.

I dont like the way you speak to your mother.

[状语从句中的省略]

（1）当状语从句中的主语和主句的主语一致，或状语从句中的主语是it，并且又含有be动词时，常可以省略从句中的主语和be动词。

It sounds like something is wrong with the cars engine.If so， wed better take it to the garage immediately.

（2）虚拟条件句中，含助动词、情态动词、动词be或have等，若将它们提到句首，则需省略if。

Should it rain tomorrow， we would have to put off the visit till next week.

（3）在as（so） ... as ...， than引导的比较状语从句中。

I know you can do better than Peter.

This car doesnt run as fast as that one.

（4）在as引导的让步状语从句中，当作表语的单数名词提前时，不定冠词要省略。

Child as he is， he knows a lot.

例2 —Who should be responsible for the accident？

—The boss， not the workers. They just carried out the order _____.

A. as told B. as are told

C. as telling D. as they told

解析 A。as told=as they were told， 此处是as引导的方式状语从句的省略。当从句主语与主句主语一致， 且谓语动词含有be时， 将从句的主语和be省略。又因为workers与tell之间是被动关系， 可排除C、D。

[动词不定式中的省略]

（1）有些动词，如believe，find，think，feel，consider， imagine，prove等后作宾补的结构to be+n./adj.中的to be可以省略。

I consider him stupid.

His mother found him a clever boy.

（2）感官动词see，hear，feel，watch，notice等以及使役动词let，make，have后作宾补的动词不定式中的不定式符号to要省略，但变为被动结构时，to必须保留。

They made the boy go to bed early.

The boy was made to go to bed early.

（3） 动词不定式在prefer，refuse，decide，mean，intend，try，promise，like，love，care，want，hope，wish，expect等动词后作宾语时，为了避免重复，常承前省略不定式后的内容，但要保留不定式符号to。

I have asked her to come，but she does not want to.

（4）在can not but， can not choose but， can do nothing but ...， cant help but ...， prefer to do rather than do ...， would do ... rather than ...之后的动词不定式一般不带to；but之前有实义动词do的某个形式（do/does/did/done），而且其宾语是something，nothing，anything和everything等不定代词时，也不带to。

We have nothing to do now but wait.

I can not but admire his courage.

He has no choice but to accept the fact.

（5）在并列结构中为了避免重复，后一个to省略。

Im really puzzled what to think or say.

但两个不定式有对照或对比的意义时，则后一个to不能省略。

I came not to scold but to praise you.

（6）在why，why not 引导的特殊问句中后跟省略to的动词不定式。

Why talk so much about it？ Why not try it again？

（7）动词不定式与be able to，be going to，have to，ought to，used to等构成复合谓语时，不定式结构常可省略，但要保留不定式符号to。

I dont want to wait for him， but l have to.

—Why didnt you come to our party？

—I was going to，but l had a report to write.

（8）动词不定式中动词原形部分是否省略，主要看句子前面是否已出现过同样的动词。如果句子前面出现过同样的动词，为了避免重复，句子后面的不定式常省略动词原形，而保留不定式符号to。

Dont go till I tell you to.

（9）动词不定式在ask，warn，tell，advise，force，wish，expect，allow，permit，invite，persuade，order，would like，forbid等动词后作宾语补足语或主语补足语时，常可省略。

Youd better give a performance if you are asked to.

He didnt come， though we had invited him to.

（10）动词不定式在happy，glad，eager，anxious，willing，ready等形容词等后承前省略动词原形，只保留不定式符号to。

—Will you join me in a walk？

—Ill be happy to.

例3 The experiment shows that proper amounts of exercise， if regularly， can improve our health.

A. being carried out B. carrying out

C. carried out D. to carry out

解析 C。句子的主语是the experiment；谓语动词是shows；that引导宾语从句，宾语从句的主干是：proper amounts of exercise can improve our health， if regularly是插入的条件状语从句，从句的主语是proper amounts of exercise，此时应用it代替前面提到的主语， 条件句的主语与主句的主语一致，并且含有is， 故省略了it is，完整形式是：if it is carried out。句意为：这项实验表明， 适当的运动，如果有规律的进行，能够有助于我们的身体健康。