张莹莹
摘要:作为英语基本技能之一,写作一直是高中英语教学的重点和难题,因为它是语言综合运用能力的具体体现。不仅要求学生能正确运用词汇和语法知识,还考查了学生在提炼信息、遣词造句和布局谋篇等方面的基本素质。涉及词法、句法、文体等诸多方面。实际上,以2015年高考全国卷新课标一卷为例,写作部分占25分,占全卷总分的1/6以上。但是,并不是语法、词汇过了关,就能写出一篇好作文。也并不是洋洋洒洒地把纸张写满,就是一篇好作文。针对这些问题,笔者做了简单的几点思考。
关键词:英语高考;写作;技巧
中图分类号:G632.0 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1992-7711(2015)12-0046
一、谋篇布局
高考英语写作就是要求写学生一篇100字左右的文章,所以句与句之间必有关联。因此一定要考虑给出的问题之间的联系。比如,请用英文给某组织写一封申请信去收养名叫Lucky的小狗。内容包括:1. 你的优势;2. 你准备怎样爱护这只小狗;3. 你期望能够得到这个机会。
第一部分:称述优势收养小狗,第二部分:你的准备计划,第三部分:你的期望。
Part 1——Advantages A personality
B experience
Application Part 2 ——Preparation and Plan
A checkup
B proper diet-to keep healthy and happy
C regular exercise
Part 3 ——Expectation
学生拿到题目后会想起什么就写什么,但是如果仔细思考每个问题,并写下每个部分可以展开的要点,文章就会有更丰富的呈现。
总的来说,看到文章后,谋篇布局的意识应该放在第一位。
二、段落框架
段落写作一定要规范。政治学科数学学科对格式规范有严格要求。比如政治中问A与B的关系,回答第一句必然是他们是不可分割的、相互影响、相互作用的。然后再讲是怎样作用的、怎样影响的。而我们的学生往往在英文写作中忽略了第一句的重要性,直接跳到第二句。后果是因为没有主题句的引领,后面的句子容易结构松散,废话连篇。所以,必须按照标准结构(主题句+路标词),这样可以清晰思路、思路严谨、结构紧凑、要点明确、无废话,阅读者可以清楚地明白写作意图。
每一个段落实际上就是在阐述一个问题。严格按照英语规范的框架结构:即总分结构,可以帮助我们的同学进一步理清思路。
三、语言
学生写作时要有语言迁移能力。学生在做一句多译时,通常只能翻译出最基础的那个句子。但是如果在作文中能够运用多一点高级一点的句子,分数一定会上去。那么,同学们平时就要多背多记多积累。光背光记光积累还不行,一定要多运用,想方设法运用。从仿写开始,从套用句型开始,平时多有意识地去运用那些高级的词组、搭配、介词结构、复合结构、分词结构、经典句型。慢慢地,语言一定会上一个台阶。比如第一段第一句话,前面可以加It is generally believed that, it goes without saying that, it is universally acknowledged that, there is no doubt that, undoubtedly等等,这些句型就是典型的主题句句型,运用句型可以帮同学们快速提升句子的层次!多用才是自己的!
在这里给出几点建议:
1. 学会写长句(句式多样化)
Caught in a shower on his way to his house in Lloyd Road, a tall English gentleman, a teacher of English in one of the most flourishing private schools in Singapore, began running, with some books under his arm, in order to catch a bus going at full speed about twenty yards ahead of him.
单句可以用不同的方式将句子扩大:(1)用补语;(2)用宾语;(3)用形容词或副词;(4)用动词词组短语;(5)用独立主格;(6)用副词短语;(7)介词短语;(8)名词短语;(9)代名词短语; (10)分词短语。
2. 用好定语(做定语:形容词介词短语定语从句非谓语动词短语)和状语(做状语:副词介词短语状语从句非谓语动词短语)
主语:gentleman, 谓语:began
Caught in a shower 分词短语 a tall English,形容词,a teacher of English 同位语短语(同格名词),running宾语 with some books under his arm副词短语 in order to catch a bus介词短语going at full speed形容词短语。
3. 优化段落结构
教师可以硬性地将某段落规定成三句话。第一句话主题句,第二句和第三句可以以三种形式呈现:并列式、递进式和对比式。第二句与第三句之间必须要用连接词表现不同形式。第二句和第三句必须运用不重复的优美句式,杜绝废话,精选观点。这三种形式让学生选择自己最擅长的,固定下来,反复操练,形成应激反应。最后就可以这种形式以不变应万变。
这是本班学生在经过训练后的成果:
(1)递进式
有关偶像观:
It can be said without exaggeration that an overwhelming majority of my classmates regard the pop stars as their idols.Crazy fans as they are, not only do they buy all the starsalbums, but they also post the stars posters on the wall in the dormitory. Worse still,in pursuit of their handsome and attractive idols, they sometimes ask for a day out to go to the vocal concert, which exerts negative influence on their studies.(黄丹怡)
(2)对比式
遇到侮辱:
Personally, when it comes to the insults from other people,open mindset and self-confidence are of great significance for the solution.Regardless of their humiliation, we are not supposed to take it seriously or verbally abuse them Contrarily, only by smiling graciously and forget their insults can we actually prove our politeness and kindness, instead of fighting back their gross behaviors immediately.(黄丹怡)
(3)并列式
饮食习惯:
Unhealthy eating habits are commonly seen in our campus life, which threaten their health. For typical example, some students sometimes bear skipping meals for losing weight to look slimmer. Besides, other students prefer unhealthy food with little nutrition like snacks and fast food rather than home-made healthy dishes, leading to obesity. Worse still, due to their being delayed by school affairs and study, some students form an irregular diet routine, which is very likely to cause them stomachache.(李依桐)
高考英语写作题越来越注重对学生思维能力、综合语言运用能力的考查。有效的高中英语写作教学需要具备综合性、思维性和规范性三个基本特征。这三者相互渗透、相得益彰。教师们需要把握三者的有机关系,平时多渗透,设计合理的活动,从而保证英语写作的高效产出。
(作者单位:广东省深圳市红岭中学高中部 518000)