方志成,张浩明,郑 翔,闵 利,李海涛
(湖北医药学院附属太和医院, 湖北 十堰 442000)
不同瘤夹时间对颅内动脉瘤模型制作中失血性休克影响
方志成,张浩明,郑翔,闵利,李海涛
(湖北医药学院附属太和医院, 湖北 十堰 442000)
[摘要]目的观察不同瘤夹时间对颅内动脉瘤模型制作期间失血性休克的影响。方法将80只日本大耳白兔随机分为A、B、C、D 4组,每组20只,除A组外,B、C、D组采用改良胰弹性蛋白酶诱导动脉瘤方法制作动脉瘤模型,瘤夹时间分别为20,25,30 min,瘤夹松开即刻和术后1 h监测动脉血气分析及凝血功能,评估失血性休克和动物自身凝血功能变化;颈总动脉多普勒超声观察动脉瘤形态,测定血流速度,评估不同瘤夹时间对动脉瘤模型成瘤的影响。结果B、C组术中和术后血气分析pH值明显低于A组和D组(P均<0.05 ),碱剩余和乳酸水平明显高于A组和D组(P均<0.05 )。B、C、D组血浆凝血酶原时间、部分活化凝血酶原时间及凝血时间均明显短于A组(P均<0.05 ),B、C组间比较差异无统计学意义,D组明显短于B、C组(P均<0.05 ),各组组内术中和术后比较差异无统计学意义。A、B、C、D 4组分别有0,8,6,2只兔发生失血性休克,D组失血性休克发生比例明显低于B、C组(P均<0.05 )。3周后彩色多普勒超声显示B、C、D组颈总动脉瘤夹部位血管内径均明显大于A组(P均<0.05 ),近心端和远心端局部瘤样扩张血管血流速度均明显高于A组(P均<0.05 ),且近心端局部瘤样扩张血管血流速度明显高于远心端(P均<0.05 );B、C、D组3组间比较差异均无统计学意义。结论延长瘤夹时间可有效预防动物动脉瘤模型失血性休克发生,减少死亡,其机制可能与促进血液高凝状态有关。
[关键词]颅内动脉瘤;失血性休克
改良胰弹性蛋白酶诱导颅内动脉瘤方法是制作颅内动脉瘤动物模型的主要方法,组织学和病理学检查结果已证明此种方法成瘤的成功率高,但创伤大、并发症多,尤其是术中失血性休克发生率高,导致动物死亡率高[1-3]。故如何采取正确措施预防和处理失血性休克是动脉瘤模型制作的关键。本研究旨在探讨不同瘤夹时间对动脉瘤模型制作时失血性休克发生率的影响,以提高动脉瘤模型制作的成功率,现报道如下。
1实验资料
1.1实验动物日本大耳白兔80只,3~6月龄,体质量2~2.5 kg,由湖北医药学院实验动物中心提供,动物合格证号:NO.42000900000184,雌雄不限,所有动物自由饮水、进食。
1.2分组与造模将80只大耳白兔随机分为A、B、C、D 4组,每组20只。B、C、D组采用改良胰弹性蛋白酶诱导方法制作颅内动脉瘤模型,经兔耳缘静脉给予10%乌拉坦行静脉麻醉,沿颈部正中切口,分离筋膜,暴露气管,在气管右侧游离出右颈总动脉,继续向近心端方向游离直至右颈总动脉与右锁骨下动脉分叉处,在距右颈总动脉与右锁骨下动脉分叉上方2.5 cm处,结扎右颈总动脉,然后以动脉瘤夹夹闭右颈总动脉与右锁骨下动脉分叉,瘤夹时间分别为20,25,30 min,A组不夹闭。在距右颈总动脉与右锁骨下动脉分叉上方1.5 cm处,用26 G静脉留置针(内径0.6 mm,长度1.5 cm,流量15 mL/min)穿刺右颈总动脉并注入75 IU猪胰弹性蛋白酶,最后松开右颈总动脉远心端结扎,并移除动脉瘤夹。
1.3动脉血气分析经右股动脉抽取动脉血2 mL,测定瘤夹松开即刻及术后1 h的pH值、碱剩余(BE)和血乳酸(LA)水平,计算平均值,评估术中失血、组织灌注情况。失血性休克诊断标准:动物模型制作中出现大失血,血气分析有严重代谢性酸中毒,血LA水平高于2 mmol/L。
1.4凝血功能检测经右股动脉抽取动脉血2 mL,测定瘤夹松开即刻及术后1 h 血浆凝血酶原时间(PT)、部分活化凝血酶原时间(APTT)及凝血时间(TT),计算平均值,评估凝血功能情况。
1.5动脉瘤形成评估实验后3周行彩色多普勒超声检查,评估右颈总动脉动脉瘤形成情况及血流速度。
2结果
2.1失血性休克发生情况A组无一只实验动物发生失血性休克,B、C、D组分别发生失血性休克8,6,2只,经过局部加压止血、持续静脉输注生理盐水等抢救措施,3组分别有2,3,1只死亡,其余全部存活。D组失血性休克发生比例明显低于B、C组(P均<0.05)。所有发生失血性休克实验动物术后进食、自由活动需2 ~ 3 d完全恢复,较未发生失血性休克动物恢复稍慢。
2.2动脉血气分析除A组外,动物模型制作期间,B、C组术中和术后血气分析pH值明显低于A组和D组(P均<0.05),BE和血LA水平明显高于A组和D组(P均<0.05),D组和A组比较差异无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。见表1。
2.3凝血功能B、C、D组血浆PT、 APTT及TT均明显短于A组(P均<0.05 ),B、C组间比较差异无统计学意义,D组明显短于B、C组(P均<0.05 ),各组组内以上指标术中和术后比较差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。见表2。
表1 各组动脉血气分析比较±s)
注:①与A组和D组比较,P<0.05。
2.4颅内动脉瘤制作情况A组无死亡动物,B、C、D组实验动物分别死亡2,3,1只,其余全部存活。3周后彩色多普勒超声显示B、C、D组颈总动脉瘤夹部位血管内径均明显大于A组(P均<0.05),近心端和远心端局部瘤样扩张血管血流速度均明显高于A组(P均<0.05 ),且近心端局部瘤样扩张血管血流速度明显高于远心端(P均<0.05 );B、C、D组3组间比较差异均无统计学意义。见表3。各组颈总动脉瘤夹部位彩色多普勒超声表现见图1~4。
3讨论
颅内动脉瘤动物模型是研究颅内动脉瘤基础与临床诊疗的基础。动脉瘤模型制作因需在距右颈总动脉与右锁骨下动脉分叉部位上方约1.5 cm穿刺右颈总动脉,注射胰蛋白酶破坏动脉弹力层,在拔出穿刺针后,穿刺口极易发生大失血而导致失血性休克,加上兔对失血耐受性很差,故动物死亡率极高,影响模型制作成功率。尽管有研究者采取最小号穿刺针、穿刺口局部显微镜下缝合血管,但并不能降低失血性休克发生率[4-5]。本研究从增加瘤夹时间加强实验动物自身凝血功能角度探讨了该方法对失血性休克发生的影响。
表2 各组凝血功能比较
注:①与A组比较,P<0.05;②与D组比较,P<0.05。
表3 4组颈总动脉瘤夹部位血管内径、近心端和远心端
注:①与A组比较,P<0.05。
图1 A组颈总动脉瘤夹部位超声表现
图2 B组颈总动脉瘤夹部位超声表现
图3 C组颈总动脉瘤夹部位超声表现
图4 D组颈总动脉瘤夹部位超声表现
本研究结果显示,B、C组术中和术后血气分析pH值明显低于A组和D组,碱剩余和乳酸水平明显高于A组和D组。B、C、D组血浆凝血酶原时间、部分活化凝血酶原时间及凝血时间均明显短于A组,B、C组间比较差异无统计学意义,D组明显短于B、C组,各组组间上述指标术中和术后比较差异无统计学意义。A、B、C、D 4组分别有0,8,6,2只兔发生失血性休克,D组失血性休克发生比例明显低于B、C组。3周后彩色多普勒超声显示B、C、D组颈总动脉瘤夹部位血管内径均明显大于A组,近心端和远心端局部瘤样扩张血管血流速度均明显高于A组,且近心端局部瘤样扩张血管血流速度明显高于远心端;B、C、D组3组间比较差异均无统计学意义。提示延长瘤夹时间短期内对颅内动脉瘤形成无明显不良影响,而失血性休克发生率明显降低,实验动物自身凝血功能呈现高凝状态。分析原因可能在于:①调节自身凝血功能。穿刺口存在、局部血管壁损伤激发体内凝血功能,加上瘤夹期间,右颈总动脉远心端血流量急剧减少,血流缓慢,凝血功能亢进,且瘤夹时间长,右颈总动脉远心端血流量、局部血流速度异常情况更为突出,凝血功能亢进更明显,故可降低失血性休克发生率[6-8]。②促进自身穿刺口愈合。延长瘤夹时间,夹闭远端血流减少,血流速度减慢,对静脉留置针穿刺口冲击力量减小,加上凝血物质激活,局部凝血酶原形成,十分有利于穿刺口愈合[9-10]。
综上所述,延长瘤夹时间,通过促进自身凝血功能,可有效预防动脉瘤模型制作期间失血性休克发生,降低死亡率,同时不影响动脉瘤成瘤成功率,术后动物恢复良好,未遗留肢体瘫痪等并发症,可在临床推广应用。但本研究有一定局限性:①尽管采取统一、内径最小的静脉留置针穿刺右颈总动脉,但穿刺角度不能完全一致,这可能会导致穿刺口大小不一,失血量多少不一,穿刺针与右颈总动脉之间夹角越大,失血越多,失血性休克的发生概率也越大。②同一哺乳动物物种,动物自身凝血功能差异性比较大,可能会干扰研究结果。③研究动物数量少,瘤夹时间多长失血性休克的发生率最低有待确定。④发生失血性休克时,也采用局部加压止血方法,因此,伤口止血不单纯依靠动物自身凝血,机械性外力作用也能发挥一定作用,而这种机械性力量大小、压迫时间长短无法做到一致[11-12],是否也会影响实验结果需要进一步研究。
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Influence of different tumor clipping time on the hemorrhagic shock in the production of intracranial aneurysm model
FANG Zhicheng, ZHANG Haoming, ZHENG Xiang, MIN Li, LI Haitao
(Taihe Hospital Affiliated to Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, Hubei, China)
Abstract:Objective It is to observe the influence of different tumor clipping time on the hemorrhagic shock during the production of intracranial aneurysm model. Methods 80 Japanese big ear rabbits were randomly divided into group A, group B, group C and group D, 20 cases in each group. Except group A, the aneurysm model were produced by modified pancreatic elastase induced aneurysm model method with tumor clipping time as 20, 25, 30 min in group B, C, D respectively. The arterial blood gas analysis and blood coagulation function were observed at tumor clamp loosen immediate and postoperative 1 h, the changes of hemorrhagic shock and animal blood coagulation function were evaluated; the aneurysm shape was observed and the blood flow velocity was detected by carotid artery Doppler ultrasound, the influence of different tumor clipping time on aneurysm model into a tumor was evaluated. Results The blood gas analysis of pH values of intraoperative and postoperative in Group B and C were lower than those in group A and D (all P<0.05), the residual alkali and lactic acid level were significantly higher than those in group A and D (all P<0.05). The plasma prothrombin time, partial activation prothrombin time and clotting time in group B, C, D were significantly shorter than those in group A (all P<0.05), there was no significant difference between group B and C, and which in group D was obviously shorter than those in group B and C (all P<0.05); there was no significant difference between intraoperative and postoperative in all groups. There were 0, 8, 6, 2 rabbits with hemorrhagic shock in group A, B, C and D respectively, the incidence of hemorrhagic shock in group D were significantly lower than those in group B and C (all P<0.05). After three weeks, color Doppler ultrasonography showed that the blood vessel diameter of carotid aneurysm clip part in group B, C and D were significantly greater than that in group A (all P<0.05); the blood flow velocity in blood vessels of local tumor like dilation in group B, C and D were significantly higher than those in group A (all P<0.05), and which of near heart side was significantly higher than that of far heart side (P<0.05), there was no significant difference among 3 groups. Conclusion Extension of tumor clipping time can effectively prevent the occurrence of hemorrhagic shock in aneurysm model and reduce the mortality rate, which may be related to the promotion of the high blood coagulation state.
Key words:intracranial aneurysm; hemorrhagic shock
[收稿日期]2015-07-14
[中图分类号]R-332
[文献标识码]A
[文章编号]1008-8849(2016)06-0574-04
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1008-8849.2016.06.002
[基金项目]湖北省自然科学基金面上项目(2014CFB314)
[通信作者]张浩明,E-mial:13593751009@163.com
[作者简介]方志成,男,主任医师,主要从事危重病研究工作。