以规矩铸就巅峰

文/五花肉

以规矩铸就巅峰

Achieve the Summit with Rules

文/五花肉

游泳对人类而言，历史久远。远古人类为了生存捕猎，学会了游泳。从最初模仿水栖动物姿势，到现代游泳竞技，是人类征服自然的体现。纵观游泳竞技发展，标准推动贯穿始终。

Swimming has a long history for humans. Primitive humans learned how to swim in order to hunt for survival. The evolution from the initial imitation of aquatic animals' postures to modern competitive swimming is a manifestation of human conquest of nature. Throughout the history of competitive swimming, standards always play an important role in development.

快速发展的标准支撑

Rapid Development of the Standards

游泳竞技在1896年第一届奥运会上就被列入正式比赛项目。彼时，游泳比赛规则尚未健全，对泳姿也没有统一要求，决定胜负的唯一标准就是速度。运动员千奇百怪的泳姿，严重影响了竞技比赛的公平性。Competitive swimming was included as one of the formal events in the first modern Olympics in 1896. At that time, the rules of swimming were not yet perfect and there were no uniform requirements for the swimming strokes. The sole criteria to judge the result was speed. Various swimming strokes, especially some exceedingly strange ones, seriously affected thefairness of this competitive game.

此后，游泳运动开始针对不同泳姿出台相应的约束标准，并逐步细化。从第16届奥运会开始，自由泳、蛙泳、蝶泳、仰泳4种泳姿成为游泳比赛的正式项目，游泳竞技自此迈入“标准化”的发展快车道，成为奥运会上设置奖牌数量仅次于田径的项目。

From then on, standards for different swimming strokes were developed and gradually refined. Since the 16th Olympics, freestyle, breaststroke, butterfly, and backstroke became the formal events of competitive swimming. Since then, competitive swimming entered a stage of fast standardization development, and became the event whose number of medals was second only to track and field in the Olympic Games.

技术与标准互相促进

Mutual Promotion of Technique and Standards

游泳运动员成绩的提高，往往源于个人技术的突破。而游泳运动整体水平的提升，则始于标准对新技术的规范。

In most cases, the improvement of the swimmer's performance results from the breakthroughs of personal technique. However, the overall enhancement of this sport’s level results from standards-based specification for new techniques.

以蛙泳为例，历史上先后经历了3次重要的泳姿标准变革。50年代初，运动员为了提高泳速，曾采用潜水蛙泳，以减少水对人体的阻力。1956年第16届奥运会，日本运动员古川胜就采用这一技术获得200米冠军。当时的国际泳联认为，过度潜水会危害运动员安全并影响比赛观赏性，宣布此后禁止“潜水蛙泳”。

Take breaststroke as an example, its stroke standards changed three times in the history. In the early 1950s, in order to improve swimming speed, athletes adopted "underwater breaststroke" to reduce the water resistance. In 16th Olympics in 1956, Masaru Furukawa, a Japanese athlete received a gold medal in the 200-metre breaststroke by adopting this technique. But, at that time, FINA believed that swimming underwater in excess would jeopardize the athletes’safety and influence competition's ornamental value, therefore they announced the prohibition of "underwater breaststroke".

1957—1960年间，我国运动员戚烈云、穆祥雄及莫国雄利用自己腿部有利条件，创造了“高航”“半高航”和“平航”式技术，先后五次打破世界纪录。

From 1957 to 1960, Chinese athletes Qi Lieyun, Mu Xiangxiong and Mo Guoxiong made use of their favorable conditions in their legs, invented "high sail", "half high sail" and "flat sail" techniques, and broke the world record for five times.

1987年2月，国际游联再次修订规则：“允许头部有下潜动作，但每次配合后必须露出水面”。这种姿势可使身体尽量保持直线，最大限度减小阻力，让竞技成绩大幅提高，接近2米/秒。至今，蛙泳仍然沿用了这种标准姿势。

In February 1987, FINA once again revised the rules, allowing swimmer's head underwater but requiring the head to come out of the water during each complete cycle. This position can make the body maintain a straight line as far as possible, minimize the resistance to the greatest extent, and increase the athletic performance substantially, which is close to 2 m/s. So far, this standard is still used in breaststroke swimming.

标准化的科学训练

Standardized Scientific Training

长期以来，身高臂长是游泳运动员选材的第一标准。随着理念革新和技术发展，人们开始更多地关注体能训练和技巧提升。

For a long time, height and arm length are the primarycandidate selection criteria in competitive swimming. With conceptual innovation and technological development, people began to pay more attention to physical training and skills upgrading.

近几年，我国涌现出了孙杨、宁泽涛、叶诗文等优秀游泳运动员，这与标准化的科学训练理念密不可分。传统观念认为，游泳需要大密度、超强度的水中训练来激发运动员原始的“洪荒之力”，而新的理念则更加侧重有氧耐力和技巧训练，通过长跑提高耐力、健身提高爆发力，相比机械式水中训练更符合人的肌肉记忆。

Thanks to the modernized concept of standardized scientific training, outstanding Chinese athletes spring up including Sun Yang, Ning Zetao, Ye Shiwen and so on. The traditional concept believes that swimming requires high-intensity aquatic training to stimulate the swimmers' original "prehistorical powers". Meanwhile, the new concept emphasizes aerobic endurance and skills training, which aim to improve endurance through long-distance running and increase explosive force through fitness. Compared with the mechanical water training, it is more in line with the muscle memory pattern.

结 语

Conclusion

“没有规矩，不成方圆。”从游泳项目发展，到游泳技术突破，再到游泳训练理念，标准化的专业支撑始终发挥着不可忽视的重要作用，在兼顾技术、安全和观赏性的基础上，帮助游泳项目形成了成熟的运动体系，走向竞技发展的巅峰。

"Nothing can be accomplished without norms or standards". From the development of swimming events to the breakthroughs of swimming techniques then to the swimming training philosophy, the technical support of standardization has always played an important role, which cannot be ignored. On the basis of taking into account the techniques, safety and ornamental value, it helps swimming events form a mature sports system and achieve the summit of competitive development.

（支持单位：上海市质量和标准化研究院）