洞悉干扰避陷阱 提高防范拿高分
——以形容词、副词高考命题考查为例

2016-04-09 07:10广东潘素洪
教学考试(高考英语) 2016年5期
关键词:限定词比较级副词

广东 潘素洪

洞悉干扰避陷阱 提高防范拿高分
——以形容词、副词高考命题考查为例

广东 潘素洪

形容词和副词作为高考英语语法测试题型的重点和热点,也是高考语法填空题的必考题型。形容词和副词作为词类转换题之一,具有内外干扰特征。如果考生能明确考点特征,排除干扰,那么该题型将成为考生夺取高考最终胜利的重要基石。

一、形容词和副词的内干扰

形容词和副词的内干扰是指因所给词自身需要变化成形容词或副词时存在模糊性而引起的干扰。此类干扰主要是构词法的记忆错乱,尤其是派生法的误用而导致的干扰。派生法又称词缀法,是通过在词根上添加后缀或前缀变化成新词的方法。例如:humor→humorous,vary→various,self→selfish→selfless,action→active,care→careful,help→helpful,east→eastern,west→western,accept→acceptable,comfort→comfortable,centre→central,politics→political。

(一)名词变形容词的内干扰

名词变形容词的内干扰是指在名词变成形容词时,名词添加后缀时因其词类的变化存在模糊、不确定性而造成的干扰。例如:以-e结尾的单词因-e的去留问题存在不确定性而构成干扰。以-e结尾的形容词变名词时-e不用去掉(如:excite→excitement,puzzle→puzzlement,polite→politeness,gentle→gentleness);少数以-e结尾的形容词,要去掉-e再加-ly(如:true→truth→truly,possible→possibly→possibility,value→valuable,arrive→arrival,survive→survival→survivor,approve→approval);然而也有以-e结尾的形容词不需要去掉-e再加-ly(如:rude→rudely,wide→widely,fortune→fortunate→fortunately)。

【例1】(2015·全国卷Ⅱ)As_69_(nature)architects,the Pueblo Indians figured out exactly how thick the adobe walls needed to be to make the cycle work on most days.

【解析】 natural。本题考查nature的内干扰。形容词作定语修饰名词“architects”,故填natural。

(二)名词变名词的内干扰

名词变名词的内干扰是指因所给词需要变成名词的复数时存在不规则变化而引起的干扰。名词变化成复数时通常是在后面添加-s或-es,有时却遵循不规则变化。例如:child→children,man→ men,build→buildings等。

【例2】(2016·广州一模)First it was squirrels in __44__(shirt),then rabbits with hats on,and finally birds wearing underpants!

【解析】shirts。本题考查shirt的内干扰。介词后用名词、代词或动名词充当宾语。squirrels为复数,须与shirt保持一致,故填shirts。

(三)形容词变副词的内干扰

形容词变副词的内干扰是指因所给形容词需要变化成副词时存在模糊性而引起的干扰。一般而言,形容词变化成副词是直接添加-ly,若以-y结尾的单词则须将y变i,再加ly,然而还有一些不规则变化的情况。

【例3】(2015·全国卷Ⅰ) Abercrombie & Kent,a travel company in Hong Kong,says it__69__(regular)arranges quick getaways here for people living in Shanghai and Hong Kong.

【解析】 regularly。修饰动词应用副词,因此修饰动词“arranges”,应用副词regularly。

【例4】(2015·广东卷)_17_(lucky),he also had a cow which produced milk every day.

【解析】Luckily。本题考查lucky的内干扰。luckily为副词,意为“幸运的是”。luckily 在句中作状语,放在句首修饰整个句子。考生会因形容词变化成副词的一般规则,在lucky后添加-ly而造成失分。因此,本题考查的是以-y结尾的词变化成副词的特殊结构。例如:happy—happily。

(四)动词变形容词的内干扰

动词变形容词的内干扰是指所给动词需要变化成形容词时存在模糊性而引发的干扰。这类干扰主要集中于情绪使役动词和动词过去分词转化为形容词,尤其是不规则变化的动词的过去分词形式。

【例5】(2014·全国卷Ⅰ)While there are_68_(amaze)stories of instant transformation,for most of us the changes are gradual and require a lot of effort and work,like cleaning up a polluted river.

【解析】amazing。本题考查amaze的内干扰。形容词修饰名词“stories”。amaze,surprise等表示情绪的使役动词具有两个形容词,即通过在动词后面增加后缀-ing或-ed。现在分词形容词通常说明人,意为“(某事)令人……”或“令人……的(事物)”,而过去分词形容词通常说明事物,意为“(某人)感到……”。考生须掌握情绪使役动词的用法,否则会造成失分。常见的情绪使役动词还有disappoint,puzzle,worry,annoy,bore,confuse,embarrass,excite,interest,please,relax,satisfy,shock,surprise,worry,tire等。

【例6】(2016·广州一模) When the_48_(injure) animals came to see Doctor Bear,he told them,“Your clothes are killing you. You don’t need them.”

【解析】injured。考题考查injure的内干扰。形容词修饰名词“animals”。

(五)动词变副词的内干扰

动词变副词的内干扰是指因所给的动词变成副词时存在模糊性而引发的干扰。

【例7】(2014·广东卷)What’s worse,the hotel had been fully booked. When we were wondering what to do,the manager came out. She was_22_(surprise)helpful.

【解析】surprisingly。本题考查surprise的内干扰。因本句已有作表语的形容词helpful,所以应当用副词来修饰形容词helpful,指“令人惊讶地,意外地”,故填surprisingly。surprise为多内干扰词。干扰一:surprise为情绪使役动词,具有两个形容词;干扰二:surprise具有两个副词,因而要详查其含义而选择;干扰三:surprise是以-e结尾的词,在变化成现在分词时要去掉。

(六)动词变名词的内干扰

动词变名词的内干扰是指因所给动词变化成名词不当而引发的干扰。例如:attract→attraction,intend→intention,discuss→discussion,devote→devotion,pollute→pollution,impress→impression,admit→admission,conclude→conclusion,contribute→contribution,perform→performance,grow→growth,warm→warmth,recover→recovery,discover→discovery,vary→variety,advise→advice,fail→failure,press→pressure,arrive→arrival,survive→survival,refuse→refusal,agree→agreement,encourage→ encouragement,develop→development,differ→difference,prefer→preference等。

【例8】(2009·广东卷)But Jane knew from past experience that her_36_(choose) of ties hardly ever pleased her father.

【解析】choice。考题考查choose的内干扰。在that引导的宾语从句中作主语应当用名词,或者说,在形容词性物主代词“her”后面应用名词,故填choice。

(七)形容词变形容词比较级或最高级的内干扰

形容词变形容词比较级或最高级的内干扰是指因所给形容词需要变化成形容词比较级或最高级时存在模糊性而引发的干扰。通常情况下,形容词变成比较级或最高级,直接在其后添加-er或-est即可。然而,有些形容词的后三个字母具有“辅音+元音+辅音”的结构,此时,需要将这些形容词的最后一个字母双写,再加-er或-est,同时也存在形容词变化成比较级和最高级的不规则的情况。例如:thin→thinner→thinnest,bad→worse→worst,good/well→better→best。

【例9】(2014·全国卷Ⅰ)Finally,that hard work paid off and now the water in the river is_66_(clean) than ever.

【解析】cleaner。本题考查形容词比较级用法。本空可还原为:now the water in the river is cleaner than ever,故本空填cleaner。但考生可能会因clean以n结尾,从而双写n而出错。

【例10】(2010·广东卷)The teacher replied,“You tasted the water. I tasted the gift. The water was simply the container for an act of kindness and love. Nothing could be _39_(sweet).”

【解析】sweeter。本题考查形容词比较级。在be动词后作表语,用形容词,而括号中所给的sweet正是形容词,因此无须词性转化,可想到用其比较级;根据句意“什么也不会比这更甜”,即“这是世界上最甜的东西”,这是省略了“than the water”的隐性比较级,故填sweeter。用否定词比较级形式连用表示最高级含义。

二、形容词和副词的外干扰

形容词和副词的外干扰是指因所给词变化成形容词或副词而存在短语、句型、修饰等的干扰。

(一)句型干扰

句型干扰是指因句子结构而引发的干扰。

【例11】(2012·广东卷)It might have made it a little_21_(hard) for everybody...

【解析】harder。考生可能会误认为hard修饰have made而误填hardly。本题中made it后面的内容作宾补,要用形容词,又因a little常用来修饰比较级,故应填harder。

(二)结构干扰

结构干扰是指因句子存在平行结构而引发的干扰。

【例12】(2016·广州一模)They fitted so well,and felt so_42_(comfort),that he kept them on.

【解析】 comfortable。本题考查comfort的结构干扰。felt为“感官动词”,后接形容词作表语。本题提供了结构类似的“fitted so well”和“felt so_42_(comfort)”,考生可能会误将comfort理解成平行结构,因前者为so+well,故而后者应是so+comfortably。

【例13】(2014·辽宁卷)The_68_(hard) you try to beat him,the more likely you will get hit. He controls you!

【解析】harder。本题考查comfort的外干扰。考查“the+比较级,the+比较级”结构。因the为冠词,冠词后接名词。考生可能会将hard 变成hardship。

(三)修饰干扰

修饰干扰是指因修饰关系判断失误而引发的干扰。

【例14】(2016·广州一模)Even the raccoon,thanks to his__47_(bright)coloured socks,slipped into the river and almost died.

【解析】brightly。考题考查bright的外干扰。本题存在多个形容词排序与副词修饰形容词的修饰干扰。多个形容词修饰名词时,其排序规律是:(限定词+程度副词+)描绘性形容词+表示大小(长短、高低)、形状、年龄(新旧)的形容词+表颜色的形容词+表国籍或产地的形容词+ 表物质材料的形容词+表类别或用途的形容词+名词。限定词的排序:前位限定词( 指量限定词all,both等;倍数词double,twice等;分数词one-third,two-fifths 等)+中位限定词(冠词,指示代词,形容词性物主代词,名词所有格)+后位限定词( 序数词及last,next等;基数词及few,several等)。本题因为bright修饰coloured,修饰形容词应使用副词,即brightly。

【例15】(2013·深圳一模) Soon he disappeared in the Men’s. I stood there_24_(puzzle).

【解析】puzzled。本题考查形容词修饰干扰。我们可以将“I stood there_24_(puzzle).”还原成最初的两句话:① I stood there.②I was puzzled.这样,就能够清晰地知道本空所填词是作主语补足语,故应填puzzled。

【小试牛刀】运用所给词的正确形式填空。

1. In addition to their simple beauty,what makes the adobe dwellings admirable is their________(able)to “air condition” a house without using electric equipment.

2. Walls made of adobe take in the heat from the sun on hot days and give out that hea____t____(slow) during cool nights,thus warming the house.

3. Everyone on the bus began talking about what the boy had done,and the crowd of strangers_______(sudden)became friendly to one another.

4. The benefits and________(advantage)of ability grouping can be listed as follows.

5. He got_______(patient)as the first hour passed and then another.

6. To most young children,being laughed at by others is an________(pleasant) experience.

7. Some of the________(village) had noted the number of the truck.

8. The audience warmly clapped to welcome the worldfamous________(violin),one of the best in the world.

9. Nowadays borrowing money is the quickest way to end a good_______(friend).

10. In a good________(marry),both husband and wife work hard to solve any problems that arise.

11. He has devoted all his whole life to_______(science)research.

12. In the neighbour’s opinion,she is a good wife and a ________(devote) mother.

13. Honours were________(automatic) awarded to senior officials just because they were senior.

14. If you are________(willing) to go,don’t hesitate to say no.

15. He failed his maths examination because of his _______(care) work.【参考答案】

1. ability 2. slowly 3. suddenly 4. advantages 5. impatient 6. unpleasant 7. villagers 8. violinist 9. friendship 10. marriage 11. scientific 12. devoted 13. automatically 14. unwilling 15. careless

(作者单位:广东省中山市东升高级中学)

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