陶拥兵马松王洪兵李强姜福金徐屏
输尿管镜钬激光联合封堵器治疗输尿管结石的临研究
陶拥兵1马松1王洪兵1李强1姜福金1徐屏2
1江苏省淮安市第二人民医院泌尿外科223002江苏淮安
2江苏省淮安市妇幼保健院妇科
通信作者:陶拥兵,tyb2006@126. com
收稿日期:2016-06-10
目的:探讨输尿管镜钬激光联合封堵器治疗输尿管结石的临床疗效。方法:回顾性分析2013年6月~2016年3月经输尿管镜钬激光碎石术中联合应用封堵器及异物钳治疗82例输尿管结石患者资料,其中下段输尿管30例,中段输尿管结石23例,上段输尿管结石29例。统计患者手术时间、结石清除率、术后并发症等数据进行分析。结果:手术时间下段(5.0~14.5)min,中段(5.5~32.5)min,上段(7.5~43.0)min。术后3 d行KUB平片检查,下段无结石残留,结石取净率为100%;中段1例结石残留,结石取净率为95.65%;上段有1例结石入肾盂,1例结石残留,结石取净率为93.10%。术中均未出现输尿管穿孔或输尿管黏膜撕脱。术后5例出现高热,经抗感染对症治疗好转。术后7例肉眼血尿,经膀胱冲洗治疗后好转。结论:封堵器结合异物钳应用于输尿管镜下钬激光碎石治疗输尿管全段结石,能显著提高结石清除率,减少输尿管镜碎石术中结石移位,缩短住院时间,安全有效,成功率高,是治疗输尿管全段结石的一种重要手段。
封堵器,异物钳,输尿管镜钬激光碎石术
输尿管结石约占上尿路结石的65%。输尿管镜钬激光碎石术已经成为输尿管下段结石手术之首选。近年封堵器应用临床后,中上段输尿管结石亦能作为输尿管硬镜首选。但是仅仅使用封堵器,也有一定弊端,如碎石不完全、大颗粒排不出(>3 mm)、形成石街、住院时间长、有二次手术可能等。我们采用封堵器及异物钳联合输尿管镜钬激光碎石术治疗输尿管全段结石患者82例,取得了满意的效果。现报告如下。
1.1临床资料
选取2013年6月~2016年3月江苏省淮安市第二人民医院泌尿外科应用输尿管结石钬激光碎石的输尿管结石患者82例,术中均配合封堵器、异物钳。输尿管下段结石30例,中段结石23例,上段结石29例。男47例,女35例,年龄24~66岁,平均45岁。术前行泌尿系统彩超、KUB、IVP或CTU检查,明确患者输尿管结石位置、大小及患侧肾脏积水情况。。
1.2器械与方法
手术器械:输尿管封堵器(TMIVX-SC10,上海英诺伟公司);输尿管硬镜(F9.8,德国Wolf公司);输尿管镜异物钳;钬激光(中国北京爱科凯能公司),最大功率65 W。
手术方法:硬膜外麻醉成功后,患者取膀胱截石位,连接好输尿管镜冲洗及成像系统,直视下输尿管镜经尿道膀胱,沿患侧输尿管开口置入斑马导丝,沿导丝推进输尿管镜至结石。将封堵器置入输尿管镜操作孔,将叶片穿过结石与输尿管间隙,完全越过结石后将手柄后拉,直至手柄卡锁到位,确保叶片张开成篮状,起封堵作用(如结石被输尿管息肉包裹致密,可先用钬激光点触烧灼息肉直至出现间隙,不可强行插入叶片)。固定结石后以钬激光(1.5 J、10 Hz)将结石粉碎至3mm以下。碎石完毕后,检查若有小块结石残留,在直视下保持封堵器锁紧并退出。再沿输尿管镜操作孔置入异物钳,将结石碎片钳夹拖出输尿管开口直至膀胱,反复多次钳夹较大结石颗粒(约3 mm),直至输尿管内无较大颗粒。用Elink冲洗出膀胱内结石残余。随后置入双J管1根,置入双J管前检查输尿管黏膜损伤情况。所有患者术后留置双J管3~4周,留置导尿管3 d,术后3 d行KUB或泌尿系彩超检查明确有无结石残留。
1.3统计学处理
应用统计学分析软件SPSS 13.0进行数据处理,样本率之间比较采用χ2检验,以P<0.05表示差异有统计学意义。
2.1手术时间
下段输尿管结石组手术时间10~19 min,平均(5.0~14.5)min;中段输尿管结石组手术时间20~45 min,平均(5.5~32.5)min;上段输尿管结石组手术时间24~62 min,平均(7.5~43.0)min。
2.2结石清除率
所有患者术后3 d复查泌尿系平片或B超,下段输尿管结石组无结石残留,结石清除率为100%;中段输尿管结石组1例结石残留,结石清除率为95.65%;上段输尿管结石组有1例结石入肾盂,1例结石残留,结石清除率为93.10%(27/29)。各组与同等数目未结合封堵器异物钳病例相比较P<0.05,差异有统计学意义。
2.3术后并发症
所有术中均未出现输尿管穿孔或输尿管黏膜撕脱等严重并发症。术后发热5例,经抗感染、解痉、酒精擦浴及赖氨匹林处理后体温正常;肉眼血尿7例,经膀胱冲洗及止血治疗后稳定。
近年来输尿管镜钬激光技术逐渐流行,其安全、有效的微创术式已成为治疗输尿管结石的主要手段。但是,对全段输尿管结石,单纯运用输尿管钬激光技术也有瓶颈。比如对于中上段结石而言,碎石中水流冲洗或钬激光细微震动易导致结石漂移,常致碎石效果差[1,2];或因碎石后2~3 mm颗粒大量聚集、吸附、紧贴,仍极可能结石残留,难以彻底根治结石[3,4]。在水流中,钬激光接触结石表面致结石跳动,2~3 mm颗粒就再难以变小。近年采用的输尿管封堵器,其作用是直接阻碍结石上移,虽对结石清除有一定作用[5,6]。但是,仅仅单一依靠封堵器仍难以彻底消除结石残余。结合良好、正确的使用异物钳,通过直接钳取结石并排出,更能明显提高结石清除。通过二者的双重作用,显著提高结石清除率。
本研究选择了封堵器、异物钳用于输尿管镜结石手术中。封堵器张开呈篮状,质地柔软,通过输尿管管腔上行呈线性,阻力小,只要结石与输尿管壁之间有较小缝隙,即可顺利通过[7]。但是单纯应用封堵器弊端也较明显,原因在于:其一,封堵器仅起到阻止结石上移目的,对输尿管结石的顺利排出无明显影响。如碎石术中结石颗粒稍大(多为2~3 mm颗粒),输尿管管径较小,术后仍造成难以排净结石,或可能形成石街等等;其二,封堵器对阻碍结石上移入肾盂有一定作用,但是对大多年轻操作者或不精通者,仍会出现封堵效果不佳、结石在水流冲击下上移现象。其三,封堵器不能直接排石,其仅仅对结石移位起阻止作用。异物钳能直接处理大颗粒结石,使0.2~0.3 cm颗粒通过钳夹离开输尿管内壁直接排出,能更进一步排空结石,避免结石残留,防止形成石街,更进一步提高结石清除率。本研究比较了输尿管中段、下段、上段结石的手术时间,亦比较了结石清除率,中段、下段、上段结石清除率,总体效果明显。术后5例发热、考虑与手术时间较长、肾盂内压升高有关,经抗感染、降温、解痉治疗后症状消失。肉眼血尿7例,考虑为封堵器及异物钳等锐性机械反复通过输尿管内径,损伤输尿管黏膜所致,经膀胱冲洗及止血治疗后恢复。所以患者术后效果良好,住院日短并顺利出院[8]。
封堵器及异物钳结合使用,我们认为:①进镜时水流、水压不宜过大,应采用低压缓慢冲水,避免未使用封堵器即出现结石漂移。②放置封堵器有一定技巧:推送动作尽量轻柔、缓慢。如结石与输尿管管壁粘连,出现息肉包裹,封堵器不易跨越结石,宜首先采用钬激光低功率多次点触结石或息肉,致结石与管腔间出现一缝隙,使封堵器顺利通过。③某些管腔较大患者,造成封堵器不能完全封堵输尿管管腔情况,碎石可在无冲水无压力情况行进行。④碎石后结石残余颗粒大小为2~3 mm,可相应使用异物钳钳夹结石并排出。⑤异物钳使用时需拔除斑马导丝、封堵器。⑥异物钳进出输尿管的操作,需在输尿管镜的直视下进行,视野清晰。这样操作,手术顺利,术后并发症少,恢复良好。
需强调的是:封堵器及异物钳均为锐器,有输尿管黏膜损伤、穿孔、脱套伤的发生,国内陈奇等[9]有相关临床报道,需严格注意避免严重并发症发生。避免发生并发症的要求是:①异物钳的选择,需要求患者输尿管管径较宽,输尿管无明显畸形者;②异物钳取石操作,应在直视下操作,视野清晰,明确输尿管管腔;③异物钳钳夹结石一定要准、牢固,避免多次、反复、暴力钳夹及拖拽。钳夹结石颗粒下移过程中,如结石在输尿管中卡住,切忌再勿下拉结石,应停止钳夹,改为输尿管镜钬激光碎石,促进结石排出。④输尿管镜结合异物钳,最好两人共同操作,一人持镜,一人操作异物钳,操作视野清晰。⑤需使钳夹的结石长径与输尿管管径平行。这样既能防止输尿管内壁水肿,又能避免输尿管内壁黏膜损伤、撕裂、穿孔,防止发生输尿管的严重损伤如输尿管撕脱伤[10]。另外,为保证输尿管各段结石的碎石成功,熟练的输尿管镜操作技术也是必要的[11]。
总之,封堵器及异物钳运用于输尿管全段结石的激光碎石,配合术者熟练的输尿管镜使用技巧,可以减少结石残留,提高手术的成功率,成为一种首选治疗输尿管各段结石的手术方法。
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Clinical research of ureteroscopic holmium laser lithotripsy combined with occluder&forceps for the treatment of intact ureteral calculi
Tao Yingbing1Ma Song1Wang Hongbing1Li Qiang1Jiang Fujin1Xu Ping2
(1Department of Urology,Huaian Second People's Hospital of Jiangsu Province,Huaian 223002,China;2Department of Huaian Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Jiangsu Province)
Corresponding author:Tao Yongbing,tyb2006@126.com
Objective:To investigate the clinical efficacy of ureteroscopic holmium laser lithotripsy combined with occluder&forceps for the treatment of intact ureteral calculi.Methods:The clinical data of 82 cases of unilateral intact ureteral calculi(30 cases of lower ureteral stones,23 cases of middle ureteral stones,and 29 cases of upper ureteral stones)treated by ureteroscopic holium laser lithotripsy combined with occluder&forceps from June 2013 to March 2016 in our hospital were retrospectively analyzed.The operation time,stone clearance rate,and postoperative complications were analyzed.Results:It worthed(5.0-14.5)min in lower ureter,(5.5-32.5)min in middle ureter,and(7.5-43.0)min in upper segment of the operation in research.Three days after surgery,KUB examination revealed 1 case of stone residual to the renal pelvis in the lower uretera with the net rate being 96.67%.There was 1 case of stone residual in the middle uretheral stones with the net rate being 95.65%.Another 1 case displaced to the renal pelvis and 1 case remained in the upper ureterald,which the net rate was 93.10%.No ureteral perforation or ureteral mucosa avulsion occurred in these operations.Figh fever occurred in 5 cases and cured by anti infection.The gross hematuria in 7 cases was improved after treatment with bladder irrigation after the operation.Conclusions:The application of ureteroscopic holium laser lithotripsy combined with occluder&forceps for intact ureteral calculi can significantly increase the stone-free rate,reduce ureteroscopic lithotripsy stone drift,and shorten the hospitalization time.It will become a kind of important means of treatment of intact ureteral calculi with more safely and more efficiently.
occluder;forceps;ureteroscopic holmium laser lithotripsy
R699.4
A
2095-5146(2016)04-203-03