黎晔,吴共发,林俊汕,曾宇婷,黄绮亭,卢淮武
(广州市增城区人民医院&中山大学孙逸仙纪念医院增城院区1妇科,2病理科,广州 511300;3中山大学孙逸仙纪念医院妇瘤科,广州 510120)
Galectin-3和上皮-间质转化相关标志物在卵巢癌中的表达及与淋巴结转移的关系
黎晔1,吴共发2,林俊汕2,曾宇婷2,黄绮亭2,卢淮武3*
(广州市增城区人民医院&中山大学孙逸仙纪念医院增城院区1妇科,2病理科,广州 511300;3中山大学孙逸仙纪念医院妇瘤科,广州 510120)
目的研究卵巢癌中半乳糖凝集素-3(galectin-3)和上皮-间质转化(epithelial-mesenchymal transition,EMT)相关标记物的表达及与淋巴结转移之间的关系。方法免疫组织化学检测57例卵巢癌组织及13例淋巴结转移癌galectin-3和EMT标记物E-cadherin与vimenitn的表达,并分析其与临床病理的关系。结果galectin-3在卵巢癌的阳性表达率为70.2%,其中Ⅲ+Ⅳ期的表达显著高于Ⅰ+Ⅱ期,有淋巴结转移者显著高于无淋巴结转移者;E-cadherin在卵巢癌的阳性表达率为75.4%,其中Ⅰ+Ⅱ期的表达显著高于Ⅲ+Ⅳ期,无淋巴结转移的表达显著高于有淋巴结转移者。Vimentin的阳性表达率为49.1%,其中Ⅲ+Ⅳ期的表达显著高于Ⅰ+Ⅱ期,高级别肿瘤的表达显著高于低级别,有淋巴结转移的表达显著高于无淋巴结转移者。Pearson相关分析显示,卵巢癌中galectin-3表达与E-cadherin表达呈负相关,而与vimentin呈正相关。结论卵巢癌中出现galectin-3表达和发生EMT的病例容易出现淋巴结转移,galectin-3和EMT标志物改变具有相关性,galectin-3可能通过EMT途径促进卵巢癌进展。
卵巢癌;半乳糖凝集素-3;上皮-间质转化
癌症的发生涉及多种因素,侵袭和转移是导致患者死亡的主要原因之一。半乳糖凝集素-3(galeatin-3)是一种能与糖结合的凝集素,参与多种生理和病理过程,在细胞生长、黏附、凋亡以及血管新生、肿瘤侵袭和转移中均发挥重要的作用[1,2]。上皮-间质转化(epithelial-mesenchymal transition,EMT)在肿瘤侵袭和转移过程中起重要作用,发生EMT的肿瘤具有明显恶性的生物学行为,患者容易发生耐药以及预后不良等情况。其中上皮标记物如E-cadheirn表达的减弱或丢失和间质标记物如vimentin表达的获得被认为是发生EMT的标志[3]。我们前期研究显示galectin-3在卵巢癌中高表达,与患者复发及耐药有关,并且与预后明显相关[4]。目前对卵巢癌中galectin-3和EMT之间的关系及机制尚不明确。本研究通过免疫组织化学检测卵巢癌中galectin-3和EMT相关标记物E-cadherin和vimenitn的表达,并初步探讨其临床意义。
1 病例与标本
选取2009年1月至2015年12月在广州市增城区人民医院妇科诊治的卵巢癌患者57例,对57例患者中的57例原发癌组织和13例淋巴结转移癌组织进行研究,所有病例均经过病理诊断证实,年龄31-77岁,平均年龄50.8±9.6岁,临床资料见表1。所有患者术前均未进行放疗、化疗或免疫治疗,标本离体后立即4%中性缓冲甲醛固定,常规石蜡包埋。挑选20例因子宫平滑肌瘤或腺肌瘤行全子宫及双附件切除术的正常卵巢标本进行对照,年龄差异与卵巢癌组患者不具有统计学意义。
2 试剂
Galectin-3、E-cadherin和vimentin即用型抗体、快捷型免疫组织化学检测试剂盒、柠檬酸盐抗原修复液、PBS粉剂和DAB显色试剂盒均购自福州迈新生物技术开发有限公司。
3 免疫组织化学染色
操作按照快捷型免疫组织化学检测试剂盒说明书进行,石蜡包埋块连续切片 (3μm厚),脱蜡至水后用柠檬酸盐抗原修复液高压锅加热,进行抗原修复,修复时间3min,3%H2O2室温孵育10min,即用型抗体37℃孵育1h,快捷型免疫组织化学检测试剂孵育20min,DAB显色,苏木素复染核,常规中性树胶封片。用已知阳性切片作为阳性对照,PBS取代一抗做阴性对照。
4 免疫组织化学染色结果判定
Galectin-3阳性产物为细胞质和/或细胞核出现棕黄色颗粒,E-cadherin阳性产物为细胞膜及少许细胞质出现棕黄色颗粒,vimentin阳性表达为细胞质出现棕黄色颗粒,反应结果由两位病理医师独立双盲法进行判断,判断标准参照文献[5]。
5 统计学分析
运用SPSS 13.0统计软件进行分析,对率的比较采用卡方检验,相关性分析采用Pearson相关分析,P<0.05为差异具有统计学意义。
1 卵巢癌组织中galectin-3、E-cadherin和vimentin免疫组织化学表达变化
免疫组织化学染色显示 (图1),20例正常卵巢上皮中,E-cadherin及vimentin均呈阳性,galectin-3全部呈阴性。在57例卵巢癌组织中,40例呈galectin-3阳性,43例呈E-cadherin阳性,28例呈vimentin阳性,三者的阳性表达率分别为70.2%、75.4%和49.1%。13例淋巴结转移癌组织中,全部呈galectin-3阳性表达,9例呈vimentin阳性表达,10例出现不同程度E-cadheirn表达减弱或缺失。统计学分析显示,E-cadherin、vimentin和galectin-3的表达在正常卵巢上皮和卵巢癌中差异均具有统计学意义(全部P<0.05)。
2 卵巢癌中galectin-3、E-cadherin和vimentin表达与临床病理特征的关系
对卵巢癌中galectin-3、E-cadherin和vimentin表达与临床病理特征的关系分析显示(表1),galectin-3在FIGOⅠ+Ⅱ期和Ⅲ+Ⅳ期卵巢癌中的阳性表达率分别为55.9%和91.3%,Ⅲ+Ⅳ期的阳性率显著高于Ⅰ+Ⅱ期;发生淋巴结转移的病例galectin-3阳性表达率为100%,显著高于无淋巴结转移的病例的61.4%。E-cadherin在FIGOⅠ+Ⅱ期卵巢癌的阳性表达率(100%)显著高于Ⅲ+Ⅳ期(39.1%),发生淋巴结转移的病例E-cadherin阳性表达率(21.3%)显著低于无淋巴结转移的病例(90.9%)。Vimentin在FIGOⅠ+Ⅱ期卵巢癌中的阳性表达率(23.5%)显著低于Ⅲ+Ⅳ期阳性表达率(87.0%),高级别肿瘤中vimentin的阳性表达率(63.2%)显著高于低级别肿瘤(21.1%),发生淋巴结转移的病例vimentin阳性表达率(76.9%)显著高于无淋巴结转移的病例(40.9%)。galectin-3、E-cadherin表达在患者年龄、肿瘤组织学类型及肿瘤组织级别之间无明显差异,vimentin表达在患者年龄、肿瘤组织学类型之间也无明显差异。此外,13例淋巴结转移癌与其相应原发癌组织中galectin-3、E-cadherin和vimentin的表达差异均不具有统计学意义。
图1 Galectin-3、E-cadherin和vimentin在正常卵巢上皮和卵巢癌中的表达。A,Galectin-3在正常卵巢上皮阴性表达;B,Galectin-3在卵巢癌阳性表达;C,E-cadherin在正常卵巢上皮阳性表达;D,E-cadherin在卵巢癌阴性表达;E,Vimentin在正常卵巢上皮阳性表达;F,Vimentin在卵巢癌阴性表达;比例尺,50μmFig.1 The expression of Galectin-3,E-cadherin and Vimentin in normal ovarian and ovarian carcinoma.A,negative expression of Galectin-3 in normal ovarian tissue;B,positive expression ofGalectin-3 in ovary carcinoma;C,positiveexpression of E-cadherin in normalovarian tissue;D,negative expression of E-cadherin in ovarian carcinoma;E,positive expression of vimentin in normal ovarian tissue;F,positive expression of vimentin in ovarian carcinoma;scale bar,50μm
表1 卵巢癌中Galectin-3和EMT相关标记物表达和临床病理参数的关系Tab.1 The relationship between the expression of Galectin-3 and EMT-related markers and the clinicopathological characteristics of Ovarian Carcinom a
3 卵巢癌中galectin-3与EM T标志物的相关性
观察免疫组织化学染色切片,发现galectin-3阳性表达的卵巢癌组织,同时有E-cadherin表达减弱、缺失和出现vimentin表达的趋势(图2);相反,galectin-3阴性表达的卵巢癌组织,同时有E-cadherin阳性表达和vimentin阴性表达的趋势(图3)。通过Pearson相关分析显示,卵巢癌组织中galectin-3与E-cadherin表达呈负相关(相关系数r=-0.283,P=0.033),而galectin-3与vimentin呈正相关(相关系数r=0.487,P=0.000)。
图2 卵巢癌galectin-3阳性表达组织中E-cadherin和vimentin的表达。A,galectin-3阳性表达的卵巢癌组织;B,A的同一例组织,出现E-cadherin表达缺失;C,A的同一例组织,出现vimentin表达;比例尺,50μmFig.2 The expression of E-cadherin and vimentin in galectin-3-positive ovarian carcinoma tissue.A,galectin-3-positive ovarian carcinoma tissue;B,negative expression of E-cadherin in the case in figure A;C,positive expression of vimentin in the case in figure A;scale bar,50μm
图3 卵巢癌galectin-3阴性表达组织中E-cadherin和Vimentin的表达。A,galectin-3阴性表达的卵巢癌组织;B,A的同一例组织,E-cadherin阳性表达;C,A的同一例组织,vimentin阴性表达;比例尺,50μmFig.3 The expression of E-cadherin and Vimentin in Galectin-3-negative ovarian carcinoma tissue.A,Galectin-3-negative ovarian carcinoma tissue;B,positive expression of E-cadherin in the case in figure A;C,negative expression of Vimentin in the case in figure A;scale bar,50μm
Galectin-3属于半乳糖凝集素家族中的成员,具有保守的氨基酸序列,能够专一地识别β-半乳糖苷[6],galectin-3能在多种类型的细胞和组织中表达,包括正常和肿瘤细胞。在多种恶性肿瘤如恶性黑色素瘤、乳腺癌、肺癌、结直肠癌、头颈部癌和淋巴造血系统恶性肿瘤中galectin-3表达显著增加[7]。关于galectin-3在卵巢癌中的研究已见不少报道。Kim等通过免疫组织化学检测发现galectin-3在卵巢癌中高表达[8],本研究显示卵巢癌中galectin-3阳性表达率为70.2%,而正常卵巢上皮全部阴性表达。Lee等研究显galectin-3表达与卵巢癌组织学类型相关,阳性率由高到低依次为透明细胞癌(92.3%),黏液性癌(67.3%),浆液性癌(66.7%)和子宫内膜样癌(54.5%)[9]。本研究显示,galectin-3表达与肿瘤组织类型无关,这与本研究中黏液性癌、子宫内膜样癌和透明细胞癌病例数偏少,可能影响结果准确性有关。Galectin-3在FIGOⅢ+Ⅳ期阳性表达率明显高于Ⅰ+Ⅱ期,Galectin-3阳性表达率在发生淋巴结转移的病例显著高于无淋巴结转移病例。高级别临床分期和淋巴结转移往往与较差临床预后密切相关。我们推测galectin-3可能参与了卵巢癌的进展过程。
在卵巢癌中,galectin-3高表达涉及的具体机制尚未完全阐明。我们前期研究显示卵巢癌中galectin-3与β-catenin的表达呈正相关,当galectin-3表达为弱阳或阴性时,β-catenin的表达也相应减弱或为阴性,推测galectin-3使胞浆内β-catenin积聚,从而激活卵巢癌的Wnt信号通路[4]。已知卵巢癌中Wnt/β-catenin信号通路介导EMT的发生[10,11],我们推测galectin-3可能通过EMT途径促进卵巢癌进展。大量研究表明EMT在癌发生的早期、癌侵袭和转移乃至复发的过程中起到重要作用[12,13],E-cadheirn表达的减弱或丢失和vimentin表达的获得被认为是肿瘤发生EMT的标志[3]。本研究通过检测EMT标记物E-cadherin和vimentin的表达,发现正常卵巢上皮全部阳性表达E-cadherin和vimentin。这是因为正常卵巢上皮具有间皮特点,可以同时表达上皮和间质标记物[14]。在卵巢癌组织中,发现部分卵巢癌中存在E-cadherin表达减弱甚至缺失,同时出现vimentin表达,这些病例具有更高的临床分期及出现淋巴结转移,提示卵巢癌中部分病例发生了EMT,并且与肿瘤侵袭转移相关。检测原发癌和淋巴结转移癌中EMT标记物和galectin-3的表达,发现差异不具统计学意义,这可能与肿瘤转移到淋巴结后,癌组织发生间质-上皮转化有关[15]。
目前,卵巢癌中galectin-3与EMT的关系及分子机制尚未见文献报道。在口腔舌鳞状细胞癌中,在癌细胞中上调galectin-3表达,能激活β-catenin蛋白从而诱导EMT的发生,相反,敲除galectin-3则出现相反的结果,证实galectin-3通过Wnt/βcatenin依赖途径促进舌鳞状细胞癌的恶性进展[16]。结合我们的前期研究[4]及本实验结果,推测在卵巢癌中出现galectin-3表达的病例具有更高的临床分期和出现淋巴结转移,涉及机制可能为galectin-3的表达激活了Wnt/β-catenin信号通路,进而诱导肿瘤EMT的发生,导致肿瘤更加具有侵袭、转移能力。
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Expression of galectin-3 and epithelial-mesenchymal transition-related markers in ovarian carcinoma and their correlation w ith lym ph nodemetastasis
Li Ye1,Wu Gongfa2,Lin Junshan2,Zeng Yuting2,Huang Qiting2,Lu Huaiwu3*
(1Department of Gynecology,2Departmentof Pathology,Zengcheng District People's Hospital of Guangzhou&Zengcheng Branch of Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University,Guangzhou 511300;3Departmentof Gynecologic Neoplasms,Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University,Guangzhou 510120,China)
ObjectiveTo study the expression of Galectin-3 and epithelial-mesenchymal transition(EMT)-related markers and their relationship with lymph nodemetastasis in epithelial ovarian carcinoma(EOC).M ethodsThe expression of Galectin-3 and EMT-related markers E-cadherin and Vimentin was detected by immunohistochemistry in 57 samples of EOC including 13 cases of lymph node metastasis;their relationship with clinical pathology was analyzed.ResultsIn EOC,the galectin-3 expression rate was70.2%;it was significantly higher inⅢ+Ⅳstages than inⅠ+Ⅱstages of tumor,and also higher in patients with than without lymph nodemetastasis.The positive rate of E-cadherin was75.4%;itwas significantly higher inⅠ+Ⅱstages than inⅢ+Ⅳstages of tumor,and in patients without than with lymph nodemetastasis.The positive rate of Vimentin was 70.2%;itwas significantly higher inⅢ+Ⅳstages than inⅠ+Ⅱstages of tumor,in high-grade than low-grade tumors,and in patientswith than without lymph nodemetastasis.Pearson analysis showed that the expression of galectin-3 was negatively correlated with that of E-cadehrin while positively correlated with that of Vimentin.ConclusionLymph nodemetastasis is prone to occur in EOC patients with galectin-3 expression and EMT.The expression of galectin-3 is correlated with that of EMTmarkers and may promote the progress of EOC through the EMT pathway.
Epithelial ovarian carcinoma;galectin-3;epithelial-mesenchymal transition
R737.31
A
10.16705/j.cnki.1004-1850.2016.06.009
2016-09-05
2016-11-27
黎晔,女(1981年),瑶族,主治医师
*通讯作者(To whom correspondence should be addressed):luhuaiwu@sohu.com