微型文本辅助的高中英语词汇复习教学

2015-07-08 02:38章玉芳
关键词:语料库短语语境

现代大型语料库最大的特点在于语料库中包含有大量真实的语言事实,利用语料库辅助外语教学顺应了多方面的需求。然而,直接利用大型语料库辅助教学存在着语料的繁杂、索引行内容的不可预测性的问题[1]。教师可通过自建译林版《牛津高中英语》教材语料库[2]和全国及各省区2010~2014年高考完形填空及阅读理解真题语料库[3](以下合称“语料库”),采用语料库分析软件PowerConc 1.0在语料库中对教学目标词进行检索,人工去除重复的索引行,随机抽取得到语境相对完整的若干个索引行,将其保存为文本文件,得到源自真实语用、适用教学的微型文本。基于微型文本辅助进行词汇复习,对于提高语料库在词汇复习教学中的适用性有着积极的意义。

一、微型文本辅助的词汇复习原则

(一)紧扣单元重点  建构整体框架

高考英语词汇复习目标是夯实学生的语言知识和提升学生的语言能力。词汇复习不同于词汇新授,教师需要基于高考词汇要求,结合学情,建构跨单元和模块的词汇复习整体框架。词汇复习内容包括常见同义词、短语以及句式结构等方面。

(二)凸显高频词汇  建构语用框架

最常见的前2000个词汇覆盖了80%的文本,学习这些高频词是学习英语词汇的关键[4]。高频词既是学生应该首先掌握的词汇,也是高考词汇、阅读和写作考查的重点。高频词的复习有助于提升学生的语用能力和应试能力。

(三)提供丰富语境  选取典型例句

语境是指上下文,即指词、短语、语句或篇章的前后关系,具体用来指位于某个词、片语甚至长至句子或段落的语言[5]。语境有利于消除词汇的歧义。教师需要通过有目的、有计划地将高考词汇在丰富的上下文语境中集中呈现以帮助学生在较短的时期内复习大量的词汇。微型文本提供的丰富语境,既能凸显常见的搭配,也能满足句与句之间的同义词的复现。同时,微型文本编制的练习可以满足词汇复习的不同能力要求。

教师通过在线语料库分析工具Sketch Engine进行教学目标词的同义词、搭配和句式结构的检索之后,确定教学内容,然后从微型文本中选取典型的例句并进行必要的加工。微型文本辅助的词汇复习既适用又重点突出,有助于提升词汇复习的有效性。

二、微型文本辅助的高中英语词汇复习教学实践

笔者通过译林版《牛津高中英语》教材的Module 3 Unit 1的三个教学片段来探讨基于微型文本辅助的词汇复习的方法。

(一)同义词复习教学

同义词教学中,帮助学生在厘清同义词在搭配和语体上的细微差别的同时,还要通过同义词共有搭配的替换训练强化复习效果。Sketch Engine“同义词检索”结果表明,本单元中的recognize与高考词汇表中的identify、acknowledge、realize、establish为常见的同义词,这些同义词中realize与recognize的共有搭配不及其他同义词丰富。上述词汇均属于常见的前2000个词汇,realize为初中已学词汇,identify出现在高中教材的第7模块,acknowlege和establish高中教材中没有出现,因此,将这组同义词安排在本单元进行复习。教师将recognize等的微型文本进行加工并编制练习。

课堂上,首先让学生归纳文本中recognize的常见搭配,然后让他们归纳recognize、identify、acknowledge和establish的常见的共有搭配并给出释义。部分文本如下:

(1)After treatment with oxytocin, mens ability to correctly recognize competitive relationship improved, but in women it was the ability to correctly recognize friendship that get better.

(2)Arthur Miller is universally recognized as one of the greatest dramatists of the 20th century. Millers most famous play, Death of a Salesman, is powerful attack on the American system.

(3)Such an attempt to establish a positive relationship between a company and the general public was unusual for that time. Pearson strongly believed that numbers were the key to success, rather than customers speeding power.

(4)By studying sociology, we can identify important factors such as education that can help people more successful within society.

(5)Technology is here to help us, but we should not allow it to take over our lives. An important step is acknowledging our shortcomings. People spend a lot of time pointing out bad manners but it would be even helpful if wed publicly acknowledge good manners when we see them.endprint

学生归纳出上述词常见的共有搭配:recognize/establish relationship/friendship/link etc“建立关系/友谊/联系”;recognize/acknowledge/identify ...“承认……”;be recognized/acknowledged as“被公认为……”。教师在学生归纳的基础上进一步提醒学生:在“建立……”搭配中,establish用法更为常见,在各组搭配中recognize语体最为正式。

在巩固环节中,教师设计了上述同义词的替换练习,利用同义词替换训练,强化所学同义词内容。部分文本如下:

(1)I achieved success that year. I was recognized in the program as “Student Art Assistant” because of the time and effort Id put in.

(2)Dave has really changed a lot. Hes put on a lot of weight. You can hardly recognize him in the photo, can you?

(3)Now I am aware of what I look like and much happier, because I have realized it is your personality that decides who you truly are.

【参考答案:(1)acknowledged; (2)identify;  (3)recognized】

在目标词常见搭配的呈现中,学生巩固了该词的基本用法,然后进行同义词辨析替换复习,帮助学生厘清同义词的细微区别以及强化共有搭配的正确使用。微型文本辅助的同义词复习,不仅能凸显同义词的差异和共有搭配,也能通过同义词在同一文本中的复现,形成“词义网络”,让学生获得比较全面的词语搭配信息,学习现实生活中真正常见的搭配,提高词汇复习的质量。

(二)短语复习教学

在单词复习进行之后,进行短语的复习。本单元中的高频词contrary to和unlike都是标志语篇逻辑关系的词语,帮助学生掌握这些逻辑关系词语对学生理解语篇有一定的帮助。教师设计了由contrary、comparison以及contrast构成的表示“比较、对比”的短语辨析教学。“unlike + ...”虽不属于短语,但也表示“对比”,因此将该词也安排在短语部分进行教学。教师先让学生说出文本中画线部分内容的含义。部分文本如下:

(1)Contrary to what many people might assume, evidence shows that sharks seldom attack humans.

(2)Many people believe that hunger is only a problem in the developing world. On the contrary, it is a problem all over the world.

(3)One of the features of Jurassic oceans was an abundance of large sharks and crocodiles. Triassic oceans, by contrast, were mercifully shark-and-crocodile

-free.

(4)Europe is falling behind, particularly in comparison with Japan and other countries of Pacific Rim.

(5)Now things are changing. The children of the people who left the cities in the 1950s are now adults. Many, unlike their parents, want to live in the cities.

【参考答案:(1)与……相反;(2)正好相反;(3)相比之下;(4)与……相比;(5)与……不同】

在学生正确识别了表示“对比、比较”的短语之后,教师引导学生进行归纳:contrary to/on the contrary表示“相反”,by/in contrast/comparison(with)表示“对比”,unlike表示“不同”,学生对这些标识语篇逻辑关系的短语的语义的差异有了全面的认识。

在巩固环节中,教师设计了填词练习。让学生利用这些短语所标志的逻辑关系的差异正确填词。部分文本如下:

(1)Most positive emotions are associated with          behaviour: we move closer to people we like. Most negative emotions, in contrast, are associated with avoidance behaviour: we move away from people and things that we          or that make us anxious.

(2)Attitudes to dirt still differ hugely nowadays. Many first-time parents nervously try to turn their children off touching dirt. On the contrary, Mary Ruebush, an American immunologist,          children to play in the dirt to build up a strong immune system.endprint

(3)Red can cause a persons blood pressure to rise and increase peoples appetites ... Blue is another calming color. Unlike red, blue can cause people to          appetite. So if you want to eat         , some suggest that eating from blue plates can help.

(4)Despite what it promises, GM technology actually has not increased the production potential of any crop. On the contrary, studies shows that the most crown GM soybeans has suffered          productivity. For instance, a report that analysed nearly two decades of research on major GM food crops shows that GM engineering has failed to significantly          US crop production.

【参考答案:(1)approach, dislike; (2)encourage;(3)lose, less; (4)reduced, increase】

填词练习帮助学生利用表示“比较、对比”的短语理解语义并能正确猜词。短语复习教学中的微型文本的编制可以提供更丰富的上下文语境,甚至可以采用文本中的完整段落。这与完形填空根据上下文的逻辑关系来填词要求一致,学生可以依据对标志上下文逻辑关系的短语的正确理解,提高完形填空中的语境填词能力。

(三)句式结构复习教学

词汇复习中,除了进行词汇和短语的复习之外,常见句式结构的复习也尤为必要。本单元中出现了高频词once引导从句的用法,通过PowerConc 1.0对语料库检索发现,once的微型文本中涵盖大量省略句式结构。因此,教师设计了由once引出省略结构的复习。首先呈现了once表示“一旦”的例句,让学生找出并补全省略结构。部分文本如下:

(1)Today women are seldom dressed by servants, but buttoning from the left is still the standard for them. Is it interesting? Actually, a standard, once set, resists change.

(2)Once familiar with each others presence and body language, cats and dogs can play together, greet each other nose to nose, and enjoy sleeping together in the sofa.

(3)Once at the office, you glance through the newspaper with depressing stories or reports of disasters.

(4)Once introduced to Steinbecks writing, one boy went to read The Grapes of Wrath and told me repeatedly how amazing it was that “all these people hate each other, and theyre all white.”

【参考答案:(1)once it is set, a standard resists change; (2)Once they are familiar; (3)Once you are at the office; (4)Once he was introduced】

在学生完成任务后,教师追问学生:什么时候可以使用省略结构?学生发现如果从句谓语动词包含be动词,主从句的主语又一致就可以使用省略。

在巩固环节中,教师设计改写成省略句的练习来巩固常见省略结构。文本如下:

(1)Once we are in the office after we get a cup of coffee, wed click on links not to the news of the day but to the funniest videos the web has to offer.

(2)Once people who break the rules are caught, they will be punished.

(3)Once she was out in the street, she walked quickly towards her usual bus stop.

(4)Once a person is homeless, he often finds it impossible to find a job, since most employers require anyone who wants a job from them to provide a home address on a job application.

【参考答案:(1)Once in the office ... ; (2)Once caught, people who breaks the rules will be punished; (3)Once out in the street ...; (4)Once homeless, a person often ...】

改写练习可以培养学生的语用能力。同时,改写练习不仅帮助学生巩固省略句式结构,还让学生注意到代词的正确使用,如第(2)(4)句,省略后原来从句中的主语就变成了主句的主语。微型文本辅助的句式结构复习,既帮助学生巩固了常见结构,也能提升他们的句式转换能力和写作连贯能力。

三、教学启示

高中英语教材语料库和高考阅读真题语料库中语料的语言难度、体裁选择、题材范围都体现高考要求,既避免了通过在线语料库检索出的文本的语言难度、体裁和题材的不可控制性,也避免了词典例句语境提示的不丰富性。通过语料库提取的微型文本编制的例句和练习可以提高词汇复习的有效性。

词汇和语境相互依存,词汇只有在具体语境中才能获得准确的词义,语境在词汇学习和积累中起着重要作用。微型文本辅助的词汇复习是语境中复习词汇的有效途径。微型文本也是日常教学、语言测试的重要资源。微型文本库经过不断更新、不断完善,对提高英语教学尤其是词汇教学的有效性有着积极的意义。

参考文献:

[1] 梁茂成. 微型文本及其在外语教学中的应用[J].外语电化教学,2009,127(3):8.

[2]何锋. 空间隐喻在高中英语词汇教学中的运用[J].中小学外语教学(中学篇),2015 (2):36.

[3]章玉芳. 语料库辅助的高考应用文阅读分析及教学启示[J].中小学英语教学与研究,2014(9):65.

[4] 桂诗春.英语词汇学习面面观[J].外语界,2006(1):59.

[5] 陕雪梅.语境策略与英语词汇教学[J].西北民族大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2007(6):65.endprint

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