曲红光 杨德庆
胆囊有浓缩和储存胆汁之作用。胆汁中的胆盐能刺激肠道的蠕动功能[1],抑制肠道细菌的生长。胆囊切除术后综合征(PCS)指有过胆囊切除病史的患者术后发生的腹痛、消化不良等腹部症状的统称。与肠道菌群失调息息相关[2-3]。但现在也有部分原因为胃食管反流胆汁反流引起的症状。本组研究在探讨胆囊切除术后肠道菌群的变化及其与细菌移位的关系,为临床提供有效防范。
收集新疆维吾尔自治区乌鲁木齐市友谊医院2013 年1 月~12 月治疗的147 例胆囊切除患者的完整临床资料。男86 例,女61 例;年龄47 ~79 岁,平均(56.7 ±5.9)岁;慢性胆囊炎31 例,胆囊结石85 例,胆囊息肉样病变31 例。本组患者术前均无严重全身性疾病。手术方式为开放性胆囊切除术28 例,腹腔镜胆囊切除术119 例。
对本组患者随访至(5 ~12 个月)。结果147 例病例随访中,回复144 例,失访3 例,实际随访率97.96%;电话随访率为89.48%。
每例患者均于术前3 d 和随访就诊第一次排便时,各取新鲜粪便0.5g,稀释后,分别接种至大肠杆菌(E.coli)、肠球菌(Ecc)、葡萄球菌(Sau)、酵母菌(Gjm)、双歧杆菌(Lgg)、乳杆菌(Lac)等选择性培养基平板上,按平板活菌计数法计数,对各特征性菌株进行鉴定[4]。
表1 144 例胆囊切除患者肠道细菌计数 比较(±s)
表1 144 例胆囊切除患者肠道细菌计数 比较(±s)
注:与术前比较,aP <0.05,bP <0.01。大肠杆菌(E. coli)、肠球菌(Ecc)、葡萄球菌(Sau)、酵母菌(Gjm)、双歧杆菌(Lgg )、乳杆菌(Lac)
时间 E. coli Ecc Sau Gjm Lgg Lac Lgg/E.coli术前 7.86 ±1.13 6.96 ±1.21 3.78 ±0.15 3.95 ±1.03 7.8 2 ±0.55 7.58 ±0.47 0.75 ±0.16随访时 8.92 ±0.45a 7.55 ±1.43a 3.93 ±0.78 4.24 ±1.15 6.85 ±0.61a 7.08 ±0.46a 0.028 ±0.07 b
本次试验数据采用SPSS 17.0 软件进行统计学分析,数据采用均数±标准差表示,计量资料对比采用t 检验,以P <0.05 为差异有统计学意义。
对比前后肠道菌群发生明显变化,表现为E.coli、Ecc 计数较术前显著增加(P <0.05),而Lgg、Lac 计数则明显减少(P <0.05)。Lgg/E.coli 比值倒置[5]更为明显(表1)。说明胆囊切除引起了患者肠道细菌变化[6],导致肠道菌群失调,增加感染发生机会。
人的胃肠道内寄居着种类繁多的微生物,这些微生物称为肠道菌群[7]。肠道菌群按一定的比例组合,各菌间互相制约,互相依存,在质和量上形成一种生态平衡。其中大肠杆菌恒定存在,厌氧菌如类杆菌属、双歧杆菌属、梭状芽胞杆菌属,都有相当数量。正常菌群之间生物的拮抗作用、免疫作用、排毒作用、抗肿瘤作用、抗衰老作用等[8],如果肠内正常菌群占则表示肠内环境相当良好[9-10],(1)吸收水分,粪便较软,较易排泄。(2)缓和的蠕动,能顺利将粪便排出。(3)有助维他命的合成。(4)迅速排出有害物质。(5)避免病原菌的侵害[11]。
正常肠道黏膜菌群主要为双歧杆菌和乳杆菌,形成固定的菌膜结构和生物屏障,可有效地抵御细菌对机体的侵袭[12-13]。胆囊切除患者胆酸分泌受限,而胆酸经肠内正常菌群脱离,生成石胆酸[14]。有研究结果表明双歧杆菌、乳酸菌等厌氧菌及含粪真杆菌等需氧菌均具有这种脱离能力,需氧杆菌则无此能力[15-16]。去氧胆酸盐具有抑制需氧杆菌的作用。显然胆酸是调节肠内菌群平衡的重要中介环节,肠内厌氧菌等通过促进胆酸的产生从而抑制需氧杆菌的增长繁殖,维持厌氧菌的优势分布[17]。本研究发现由于Lgg/E.coli 比值出现倒置,肠黏膜菌群中需氧杆菌优势繁殖,厌氧菌相对减少,致使菌群严重紊乱,肠黏膜屏障机能削弱,细菌易位得以发生。加之减少的胆汁不能有效刺激肠道的蠕动功能,抑制肠道细菌的生长,导致肠道菌群失调,使正常的肠道黏膜生物屏障受损,细菌更易侵入出现一系列并发症如腹泻、脓血便、黄绿色稀便等。Lgg 数量的减少,而E.coli、Ecc 则明显增加,其机制未明[18-19]。
肠道胆盐缺乏是肠道菌群失调原因之一。胆囊切除患者肠道菌群变化胆盐缺乏是主要致病因素。可适量补充胆盐,注重推广肠道菌群的规范化治疗、精准化调治。
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