同期加量调强放疗联合卡培他滨治疗肛管癌的疗效分析

2015-01-21 23:00许卫东张富利何合良蒋华勇陈点点陈刚杜峻峰
中国临床医学 2015年5期
关键词:同步放化疗卡培他滨

许卫东 张富利 何合良 蒋华勇 陈点点 陈刚 杜峻峰

(北京军区总医院放疗科,*普外科, 北京 100700)

·论著·

同期加量调强放疗联合卡培他滨治疗肛管癌的疗效分析

许卫东张富利何合良蒋华勇陈点点陈刚*杜峻峰*

(北京军区总医院放疗科,*普外科, 北京100700)

摘要目的:探讨肛管癌行同期加量调强放疗并同步卡培他滨化疗的可行性、安全性及近期疗效。方法: 2009年9月—2014年2月收治的10例肛管癌患者均接受同期加量调强放疗:给予原发灶肉眼可及淋巴结1.8 Gy/次×32次,总剂量57.6 Gy;双侧髂血管及腹股沟淋巴引流区1.5 Gy/次×32次,总剂量48 Gy;并同步口服卡培他滨化疗,625 mg/m2,2次/d,5 d/周。2例患者由于治疗至5周时仍有肉眼残存病灶,继续加量(1.8 Gy×2次)至结束治疗。急性及晚期不良反应评价按照通用不良事件术语标准4.0版。结果: 所有患者均顺利完成放化疗方案,皮肤3级不良反应发生率为50%(5/10),无4级以上不良反应发生。中位随访20个月(6~60个月),2年局控率、无结肠造瘘生存率、无远处转移生存率及总生存率为100%(10/10)、90%(9/10)、90%(9/10)和90%(9/10)。结论: 肛管癌同期加量调强放疗并同步卡培他滨化疗是一个可接受的安全方案,其潜力尚需更多的样本量及长期的随访来评估。

关键词肛管癌;同期加量调强放疗;同步放化疗;卡培他滨

中图分类号R 735.3+8

文献标识码A

Preliminary Results of Simultaneous Integrated Boost-Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy with Concurrent Capecitabine Chemotherapy for Anal CancerXUWeidongZHANGFuliHEHeliangJIANGHuayongCHENDiandianCHENGang*DUJunfeng*

DepartmentofRadiotherapy,*DepartmentofGeneralSurgery,TheMilitaryGeneralHospitalofBeijing,PLA,Beijing100700,China

AbstractObjective: To assess the feasibility,safety and short-term outcome of simultaneous integrated boost-intensity modulated radiation therapy(SIB-IMRT) with concurrent capecitabine chemotherpay for anal cancer. Methods: A total of 10 hospitalized patients with anal cancer during Sep. 2009 and Feb. 2014 were treated with SIB-IMRT. A total dosage of 57.6 Gy was given to the primary lesion and macroscopical lymph nodes in 32 fractions, with 1.8 Gy in each fraction. And a total dosage of 48 Gy was given to the bilateral iliac vessels and inguinal lymphatic drainage region in 32 fractions, with 1.5 Gy in each fraction.And capecitabine was concurrently administered at the oral dose of 625 mg/m2,twice daily, 5 days per week. Two patients received a sequential radiation boost dose of 2×1.8 Gy due to macroscopic residual lesion at week 5 of treatment.Acute and late adverse reaction was assessed according to the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 4.0. Results: All patients completed radio-chemotherapy without any treatment break.The incidence rate of grade 3 skin adverse reaction was 50%(5/10).No grade 4 adverse reaction was observed.Mean follow-up was 20 months(range 6-60 months).The 2-year-local control,colostomy-free survival,distant metastases-free survival and overall survival rates were 100%(10/10),90%(9/10),90%(9/10),and 90%(9/10), respectively. Conclusions: SIB-IMRT with concurrent capecitabine chemotherapy:an acceptable safe regimen, however, more samples and a longer follow-up are required to assess its potential superiority.

Key WordsAnal cancer;Simultaneous integrated boost-intensity modulated radiation therapy;Concurrent radiochemotherapy;Capecitabine

肛管癌是一种临床较为少见的疾病,发病率为(1~2)/10万,肛管癌的发病率约为肛周癌的3~4倍[1]。1974年Nigro等[2]首次报道了同步放化疗用于肛管癌的治疗,此举此后成为肛管癌的标准治疗手段[3]。UKCCCR、RTOG8804、ECOG1289等[4-6]进一步确立了5-氟尿嘧啶(5-fluorouracil,5-FU)/丝裂霉素C(mitomycin C,MMC)同步放化疗是肛管癌的标准治疗手段。但是,同步放化疗虽然提高了疗效,但也不可避免地带来了更严重的不良反应。在UKCCCR研究[4]中,尽管未发现同步放化疗对肛管癌患者产生显著的晚期不良反应,但急性不良反应较重,主要为骨髓抑制、血小板计数下降、放射性皮炎以及消化和泌尿系统不良反应,其中6例死于化疗相关的不良反应。借鉴近年来局部晚期直肠癌患者接受同期加量调强放疗(simultaneous integrated boost-intensity modulated radiation therapy,SIB-IMRT)并联合卡培他滨治疗获得优异疗效及其安全性[7-10]的经验,本研究前瞻性地对10例肛管癌患者采用SIB-IMRT并联合卡培他滨治疗,代替传统的5-FU/MMC化疗的根治性治疗策略,以观察其安全性及可行性。

1资料与方法

1.1一般资料2009年9月—2014年2月我院收治10例肛管癌患者接受SIB-IMRT并联合卡培他滨治疗。入组标准:经纤维直肠镜组织病理学检查证实为肛管癌,诊断参照美国癌症联合会(American Joint Committee on Cancer,AJCC)与国际抗癌联盟(International Union Against Cancer,UICC)推荐的定义[11-12]:KPS评分70~100分;无经影像学证实的腹腔外远处转移;既往无化疗及腹腔放疗史。入组患者男性6例,女性4例,年龄34~78岁,中位年龄53岁。肛管鳞癌9例,肛管腺癌1例。T1期1例,T2期5例,T3期4例。N0期5例,N1期3例,N2期2例。M0期10例。

1.2治疗方法

1.2.1CT模拟定位患者空腹,膀胱充盈,取仰卧位,水解热塑膜体罩固定。CT扫描前90 min和40 min口服2%泛影葡胺各600 mL,静脉注射碘伏醇100 mL,以作增强扫描。扫描范围从第2腰椎下缘至股骨上1/3,扫描层厚5 mm。图像通过局域网上传至瑞典医科达公司的PINNACLE 7.0计划系统。

1.2.2靶区及治疗设计靶区设计参照国际辐射单位与测量委员会(International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements,ICRU)50号和60号报告。采用CT影像结合MRI、结直肠镜、直肠内超声及直肠指检确定肿瘤区(gross tumor volume,GTV)。计划靶区(planning target volume, PTV)1定义为GTV均匀外放20 mm。临床靶区(clinical target volume,CTV)定义为髂内、髂外淋巴引流区,骶前区,坐骨直肠窝肛管及肛缘皮肤;PTV2为CTV均匀外放10 mm。处方剂量至少包绕95% PTV;≥110%剂量区体积应<2%;≤93%剂量区体积应<3%。PTV1给予 1.8 Gy/次,1次/d,共32次,总剂量57.6 Gy;PTV2给予1.5 Gy/次,1次/d,共32次,总剂量48 Gy。放疗5周后,所有患者均行二次CT模拟定位,有2例GTV有肉眼癌组织残存/可疑残存,于一疗程后接受加量放疗1.8 Gy×2次(GTV总量61.2 Gy)至结束治疗。

1.2.3化疗从放疗第1天开始口服卡培他滨,每次625 mg/m2体表面积,2次/d,连续口服5 d。放疗结束后不再给予口服卡培他滨或其他化疗。

1.3不良反应评价及放化疗调整预案急性及晚期不良反应评价按照通用不良事件术语标准4.0版(Common Terminology Criteria Adverse Events Version 4.0,CTCAE4.0)。所有患者放化疗期间每周行血常规、血生化和肝功能检查。同步放化疗期间若发生3、4级血液学不良反应,则暂停放化疗,待血液学不良反应恢复至1、2级后,继续同步放化疗,但卡培他滨用量减半;若发生4级非血液学不良反应(除腹泻外),则停用卡培他滨;若发生4级腹泻,则暂停同步放化疗,待腹泻恢复至2、3级后,行单纯放疗。

1.4研究终点及统计学方法主要研究终点为急性、远期不良反应及放化疗完成情况,次要终点为近期疗效。生存率统计采用Kaplan-Meier法。

2结果

2.1放化疗完成情况及急性不良反应所有患者均顺利完成同步放化疗,包括2例GTV有肉眼癌组织残存/可疑残存患者。血液系统1~2级不良反应发生率为60%(6/10),其中1级白血病或血小板下降5例,2级白细胞或血小板下降1例。胃肠道不良反应发生率为20%(2/10),均为1级腹泻。未发生血液系统及胃肠道3、4级急性不良反应。肛周、会阴区及腹股沟区皮肤不良反应发生率为100%(10/10),其中1~2级不良反应发生率为50%(5/10),3级为50%(5/10),无4级以上不良反应发生。未发生因严重不良反应导致放化疗中断或剂量调整。

2.2疾病控制情况所有患者均获得随访,中位随访20个月(6~60个月),2年局控率、无结肠造瘘生存率、无远处转移生存率及总生存率为100%(10/10)、90%(9/10)、90%(9/10)和90%(9/10)。1例同步放化疗前分期T3N2M0患者病理诊断为腺癌,放化疗后20个月出现远处转移(肺及肝多发转移),放化疗后29个月死亡。1例同步放化疗前分期T3N0M0患者放化疗后11个月出现肛管内复发,随后行腹会阴联合根治并结肠造瘘术,至今随访39个月无瘤生存。

2.3远期不良反应1例患者于放化疗后14个月出现间断性腹泻。未观察到3级或以上的远期不良反应。

3讨论

自从Nigro等[2]报道了器官保护的同步放化疗用于肛管癌的治疗,根治性放化疗已成为肛管癌的标准治疗,而且同步放化疗的疗效优于单纯放疗[3]。放射治疗肿瘤学组(Radiation Therapy Oncology Group,RTOG)和东部肿瘤协作组(Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group,ECOG)[13]的1个随机试验发现,MMC、5-FU和放疗联合治疗比单独应用5-FU与放疗联合更有效。卡培他滨是一种口服氟尿嘧啶类药物,在胃肠道吸收,可模拟持续输注5-FU的疗效,并避免了由于静脉输注5-FU引起的不良反应[14]。卡培他滨在细胞内由胸苷磷酸化酶将其转换为活性5-FU,胸苷磷酸化酶在肿瘤细胞中浓度较高,特别是肠道肿瘤,且口服卡培他滨给药方式也优于5-FU静脉输注方式[15]。在整个放疗过程中,卡培他滨口服2次/d,每次625~825 mg/m2体表面积。相对于5-FU/亚叶酸钙,卡培他滨的腹泻、口腔炎、恶心和中性粒细胞减少急性不良反应较小,加之卡培他滨口服方便易行,因此本研究采用口服卡培他滨化疗方案。

一项随机对照试验[16]报道肛管癌同步放化疗后5年局控率达84%,但不良反应大,治疗中断比例较高。近年来研究的主要焦点是,在肿瘤达到同样更好局控率的同时减少治疗相关的不良反应。鉴于IMRT 能够实施靶区高度适形照射的同时,能保护周围累及器官,所以在肛管癌治疗中采用IMRT可减少靶区邻近的小肠、膀胱及臀部折叠区皮肤的放射剂量。近期的几个单中心和多中心研究[17-20]证明,与传统对穿照射以及三维适形放疗相比,IMRT在不降低疗效的同时可降低放疗相关的不良反应。

放疗剂量与控制率相关,一项回顾性研究[21]认为,总剂量≥54 Gy时,肛管癌患者的5年局控率和生存率随之提高。但是,高剂量也会带来严重的并发症,如严重的胃肠道及泌尿系不良反应、下肢水肿、大便失禁、溃疡不愈、肛门狭窄及肛周坏死等。IMRT能在同一治疗系列中给予不同的靶剂量,理论上讲,在不延长总治疗时间的前提下,既同步给予肿瘤区高剂量,又满足了预防照射区的照射。近年来已有几个SIB-IMRT研究[17,20,22-26],但化疗方案则以5-FU/MMC为主,肿瘤区放射剂量1.28~2.25 Gy/次,总剂量30.6~59.4 Gy。

本研究采用口服卡培他滨并采用较低的剂量(625 mg/m2,2次/d,5 d/周),较低的IMRT分次量(PTV1:1.8 Gy/次,PTV2:1.5 Gy/次),而总剂量达49.5~57.6 Gy,目的是探索一个既保证局控率又安全易行的肛管癌同步放化疗方案。从已取得的结果看,该治疗方案对血液系统及胃肠道不良反应少,皮肤黏膜不良反应亦轻,2年局控率、无结肠造瘘生存率、无远处转移生存率及总生存率高。但由于入组病例少、观察期短,确切的结论还需更多病例和长期的随访研究来证实。

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通讯作者许卫东,E-mail:xwddc@126.com

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