王伟滨
从1978到1991,共13年,是美国漫画家Art Spiegelman的Maus(《鼠族》),一本不到300页的漫画,从创作到成书的时间,这对于一部如此厚度的书来说,显得有些长,而对于一部漫画书来说,显得尤其长了——这种篇幅的漫画,也许不到两个小时,你便可以把它读完,但是,它的确要花那么长的时间来创作,因为就一个儿子理解父亲,进而理解自己这件事来说,这时间甚至还不够长,而理解,便是在父亲(一个“屠犹”[Holocaust]幸存者讲述有关“生存”的故事)和儿子(一个总在努力摆脱父亲影响的年轻艺术家)转述父亲故事的过程中渐渐形成的。
有关Holocaust与Auschwitz(奥斯维辛集中营)的故事,委实不少,受难者的无助令人唏嘘落泪,施暴者的恶行令人切齿愤慨,而像Schindler’s List(《辛德勒名单》)这样充满人性光辉的故事,又令人们对于英雄无比景仰,然而,就像被讲述了太多遍的种种战争与灾难一样,Holocaust与Auschwitz,当然也包括我们的“南京”,似乎渐渐成为仅仅是某种“故事”的东西,既然是“故事”,便难免带有“故事”的不真实感。比如,“害人者”与“施暴者”常被描述为截然对立,当然,有时候讲述者也会“温情地”或“思辨地”把“施暴者”族群中某些人描写得颇为无辜,甚至友善,然而,从这些讲述中,不曾亲历者得到的,除了泪水、愤怒、景仰,或者偶尔盲目放松警惕的乐观之外,总少了一份更加深刻的东西。
电影《活着》
与以往关于这段历史的叙述相比,故意用漫画这种“轻松的”载体来讲述一个沉重故事的Maus显得十分另类 (书中的犹太人被安上鼠头,非犹太德国人是猫头,非犹太波兰人则是猪头,其他种族的人也被安上各式动物之头,既示区别,又具象征之意)。作为首部被“学术界”重视的漫画,Maus极富后现代味道,书中现在与过去交织呼应,讲述者与被讲述者重叠参照,令这部书超越了普通“讲故事”的范畴,实际上,Spielgelman曾多次拒绝善于“讲故事”的好莱坞将它搬上银幕的请求。的确,Maus也许不是个“好故事”,至少不是个适合在电影院中观赏的“好故事”,因为它实在没有Schindler’s List中那种性格巨大转变,由小人物而变为圣人的戏剧化情节,它甚至没有Life Is Beautiful(电影《美丽人生》)中为了保护儿子的纯真心灵,而忍受苦难,甚至牺牲自我的伟大形象,它有的,只是一群像小老鼠一样挣扎着想要活下来的人们。
初读Maus,我感觉它和余华的《活着》颇为相似,至少它们都是一个老人在向一个年轻人讲述他在苦难的岁月里是如何设法活下来的,但是关于“生存”,二者又很不一样。《活着》中的福贵,其实并不懂得如何在乱世“活着”,因为他过惯了被人照管、看护的日子,当那一切顷刻失去时,他只能像一片羽毛,任凭自然的力量带着它飘来飘去。在Spiegelman的故事中,福贵这样的角色,或许会被安上个小宠物狗的头,在离开主人之后,只能游荡于城市或乡村的角落,无伤大雅,对这个世界无益也无害。与福贵相比,Vladek 更像我们普通人,因为他看懂的世界更加黑暗,与靠运气活下来的福贵不同,Vladek是靠着“技能”活下来的,而这“技能”最根本的,便是深信人性内心的黑暗,就像Maus开篇,1958年, 童年的Art Spiegelman被同伴甩掉,自己一个人哭着回家,向爸爸Vladek抱怨说,朋友们不管他了;正在忙着干木工活的爸爸不屑地说,“Friends?Your friends? If you lock them together in a room with no food for a week, then you could see what it is, friends!”
《活着》,英文译作To Live,而不是Living,因为它所体现的是一种目的,一种欲望,而不是一种存在的状态。而要实现这目的或欲望,往往是需要以牺牲别人为代价的。有句俗话是“live and let live”,但是,却有人把它改作,“live and let die”。其实,“live and let live”是何等之难,而“live and let die”又是何等之“理所当然”。
就像一首歌唱的:
When you were young
and your heart was an open book
You used to say live and let live
you know you did
......
But if this ever changin’
in which we live in
Makes you give in and cry
Say live and let die
Live and let die
What does it matter to ya
When ya got a job to do
Ya got to do it well
You got to give the other fella hell
You used to say live and let live
you know you did
.......
But if this ever changin’
in which we live in
Makes you give in and cry
Say live and let die
Live and let die
在这个世界上,有多少“受害者”不同时也是“施暴者”吗?施暴者的理由也许同样“正义”——“我要活着”。就像Defoe(英国作家笛福)的小说Moll Flanders(《摩尔·弗兰德斯》)中的女主角Moll,原本要做个gentlewoman(淑女),然而,所谓“良心丧于困地”,在衣食无着的时候,她便去抢了一个孩子的金项链,从此开始了犯罪生涯,虽然良心上有些过不去,但还是为自己找了些理由:“Poverty, as I have said, hardened my heart, and my own necessities made me regardless of anything. The last affair left no great concern upon me, for as I did the poor child no harm, I only said to myself, I had given the parents a just reproof for their negligence in leaving the poor little lamb to come home by itself, and it would teach them to take more care of it another time”。
在Maus中,“弱者们”可以偷走狱友仅有的面包、可以出卖好心收留自己的同类,甚至可以遵照命令将自己的伙伴活生生烧死……只是为了自己可以“活着”。在一列拥挤不堪、密不透风的闷罐车中,鼠族们渴望同类死去,渴望定期有猫头看守来打开车厢,让他们把死尸扔下去,“They closed us again. We were very happy we had now room where to stand. Near to the door we piled new dead ones. Each day the Germans opened:“How many dead?”And we threw out, and soon we had room even to sit.”
正是这种想要成为“survivor”的想法,最终使人们丧失了面对邪恶做出反抗的力量,甚至助纣为虐。Art问父亲,“I don’t get it... Why didn’t the Jews at least try to resist?”这大概也是多年之后的我们,在反观我们自己那并不算遥远的历史时会问的吧。父亲Vladek说,“It wasn’t so easy as you think. Everyone was so starving and frightened, and tired, they couldn’t believe even what’s in front of their eyes.... And the Jews lived always with Hope.They hoped the Russians can come before the German bullet arrived from the gun into their heads, and... In some spots people did fight... But you can kill maybe one German before they kill fast a hundred from you. Then it’s everyone dead....And this way it was also everyone dead.”死亡的确时时刻刻发生,但我们总希望自己能够不必死,于是我们便“可耻地”活下去。
当然,在像大屠杀这样的事情中,某些“灭绝人性”的人的确起着重要作用,然而,悲剧在很多时候,却正是因为“人的本性”,至少是求生的本性造成的。在讲述了那么多的劫难、欺骗与背叛的故事之后,书的末尾,而非“鼠尸”堆积大半页画面的高潮部分,也许更令人触动。老Spiegelman的邻居,开面包店的Gelber一家几乎被纳粹灭门,最后有个孩子活了下来,“One of the sons survived and came back home...”如今住在他家里的是一群“猪头”波兰人(肯定也曾遭受纳粹迫害),“What do you want?”,开门的波兰人问。“This is my family’s house. I’m Gelber”, 小老鼠Gelber说。猪头说,“We thought Hitler finished you off! Go away, Jew! This is our bakery now!”小老鼠不知道该怎么办,“He didn’t know what to do. He spent the night in the shed behind his house... The Poles went in.They beat him and hanged him.”这位“幸存者”就落得这么个下场,“For this he survived. His brother came from the camps a day later, and only stayed long enough to bury him...”
那些猪头人不过是要保护他们自己的家罢了。
在浩劫面前,其实,没有谁是真正的“幸存者”,包括像作者Art Spiegelman这样生于战后的“无关”者,也不能幸免。因为精神抑郁,Art每周都要去见心理医生。这位同样是Auschwitz幸存者的犹太医生,面对活在“survivor”父亲阴影下的Art,这样说,“Then you think it’s admirable to survive. Does that mean it’s not admirable to Not survive?... Life always takes the side of life, and somehow the victims are blamed, but it wasn’t the best people who survived, nor did the best ones die. It was random. ... I’m not talking about your book now, but look at how many books have already been written about the Holocaust. What’s the point? People haven’t changed... Maybe they need a newer,bigger Holocaust...”
当然,在这故事中,确有两个在“活着”之上,还有更高信念的人:一个是长着“猪头”的波兰牧师,他知道自己也许不会活着出去,但是,却愿意为长着“鼠头”的Vladek带来希望:看到在角落中哭泣的Vladek,牧师(他甚至不是犹太人,自然更不信犹太教)走过来说,“Why are you crying, my son?”Vladek赌气地说,“Should I be happy? Am I at a carnival?”牧师说,“Let me see your arm...”(Vladek的胳膊上烙着他的编号175113)“Hmm...Your number starts with 17. In Hebrew that’s ‘k’minyan tov.’Seventeen is a very good omen... It ends with 13, the age a Jewish boy becomes a man... And look! Added together it totals 18. That’s ‘chai’. The Hebrew number of life. I can’t know if I’ll survive this hell, but I’m certain You’ll come through all this alive!” 那个牧师让Vladek重新相信上帝是存在的。“I started to believe. I tell you, he put another life in me.”老Vladek对儿子回忆说。
另一位是匈牙利姑娘Mancie,她因为长相甜美,结识了位S. S. Man(纳粹党卫军),于是得以在集中营谋得个“管人”的差事(这姑娘如果能够“幸存”,战后将会受到所有“通敌”的女人所应当受到的处罚)。不过,在这个人人竭力自保的地方,她是唯一不图任何物质利益,却冒着生命危险帮助Spegelman夫妇互通消息的人——不为别的,她说,“If a couple is loving each other so much, I must help however I can.”对于她来说,爱情,也许并不属于她的爱情,比活着更重要。
记得在Schindler’s List结尾,Schindler面对簇拥着他的满怀感恩的人们,却满脸泪水,为自己没能拯救更多的人而抱歉,“I could’ve got more, I could’ve got more...”,虽然因为他的努力,1,200名犹太人幸免于难。然而,Maus也许传达出另一个信息,要想拯救更多的人,甚至消灭战争,至少消灭像Holocaust这样的大浩劫,仅凭Schindler这样的英雄远远不够,那更要靠我们自己,靠我们摘下自顾自的小老鼠面具,真正成为人。