薛 雨
(商洛学院 语言文化传播学院,陕西 商洛 726000)
《红楼梦》为中国古典长篇小说,现已被译成多国文字,其中以杨宪益、戴乃迭夫妇翻译的A Dream of Red Mansion和霍克斯所译的The Story of the Stone尤为出名。学者从文化翻译、译本研究翻译、对话翻译、句子翻译等维度 对其英译本进行研究[1]。在杨译本和霍译本的对比研究中,王静认为霍译本笼罩在浓厚的西方文化色彩中,译者西化了原本地道的中国东西[2]。张敬通过对霍译本的研究发现,译者在翻译活动中起关键作用,尽管受到意识形态、诗学和赞助人的控制[3]。李明认为,翻译策略的选择在很大程度上会受到意识形态的操纵,霍克斯翻译《红楼梦》时,对原语文本的语言结构所实施的操纵可以说主要是有意识的操纵。以英语为母语的译者霍克斯,主要采用了向目的语读者靠近的归化翻译策略[4]。本文以《红楼梦》及霍译本第27回三段语篇为研究对象,通过对比分析原文与译文的主位推进模式差异,发现受译者意识形态的操纵,原文与译文的主位推进模式大相径庭,原文主位推进模式灵活交错,译文主位推进模式简化单一,体现出意识形态对主位推进模式的牵制规约。
翻译实践中,评判译文优劣不仅以是否忠实于原文为依据,译者主体性、翻译诗学、意识形态也成为主要衡量标准。意识形态由列夫维尔提出,认为翻译活动会自始至终地受到它的影响[5]。有时译者在意识形态的驱使下还会反客为主,增删或篡改原文来为自己的目的服务[6]。从某种意义上来讲,翻译活动是意识形态再现的过程,受到意识形态的规约同时又产生意识形态[7]。翻译与意识形态存在相互依附的关系[8][9],厘清翻译的意识形态与意识形态的翻译则显得尤为重要。翻译的意识形态,是以意识形态为评析维度,审视原文及译文的翻译活动,包括社会、文化、文本、译者身份等要素。意识形态的翻译,指译文实践中,意识形态本身就是目的语社会文化改写及再现,可视作一种翻译产物,侧重从微观层面对翻译结果进行分析,如句法层面、话语行为等。意识形态的翻译是翻译实践的结果,在翻译中生成、转换、积淀[10]。因此,意识形态的翻译是译文文本在目的语语境操纵下产生的语言形式。
比较原文与译文文本,发现意识形态翻译体现为语篇语言结构、语篇连贯性及主位推进模式。结构性的语篇特征,即主位结构和信息结构,对于传递有效信息及构建译文起关键作用[11]。主位概念最早由布拉格学派创始人马泰休斯提出,韩礼德对主位-述位的说法进行扩展,且区分了主位-述位结构理论和信息理论。主位即信息的出发点,或小句或小句复合体的出发点,是小句所关心的成分。而述位则被界定为主位之外的所有信息或小句或小句复合体的剩余部分[12]。本文拟采用张京鱼[12]总结的四种主位推进模式:类型A:平行推进型: Tn(T1)- Rnor Tn- Rn(=R1);类型B:序列推进型:Tn(Rn-1)- Rnor Tn- Rn(Tn-1); 类型C: 延续平行推进型: T1- R1~T2- R2~ T3- R3~ T4- R4; 类型D:派生推进型: a: T1- R1~T1a-R2~ T1b- R3…or b:T1- R1~T2- R1a~ T3- R1b。以语篇作为翻译实践的出发点,就要考虑到主位推进模式。刘富丽认为顺应译语主位推进规范,才能构建出衔接得当、语意连贯的译文,再现原文信息结构所产生的交际效果[13]。译文语篇语法直接保留原文主位推进模式时,应对原文的主位推进模式做出调整或重建[11]。下文就《红楼梦》及霍译版的三段语篇进行分析对比,探讨意识形态如何操纵控制主位推进模式,并提出两个假设:假设一:原语与译语语篇中不同的主位推进模式源于意识形态的差异;假设二:原语-汉语语篇的主位推进模式较为灵活多样,译语-英语语篇的主位推进模式趋于简化单一。
《红楼梦》第27回是红楼梦思想主题的转折,预示着个人命运与贾府前途的转向。描述宝钗戏蝶、黛玉葬花的情节,穿插传统节气-芒种节的习俗及活动,文字生动隽丽,精致感人。下文选取描述林黛玉、薛宝钗及芒种节习俗的三段语篇进行分析。
例(1a):林黛玉性情刻画
(1)紫鹃雪雁素日知道黛玉的性情:(2)无事闷坐,(3)不是愁眉,(4)便是长叹,且好端端的,不知为了什么,(5)常常的便自泪不干的。先时(6)还有人解劝,或怕(7)他思父母,(6)想家乡,(9)受委屈,(10)用话来宽慰解劝。(11)谁知后来一年一月的,竟是常常如此,把这个样儿看惯了,也都不理论了。所以(12)也没人去理,由(13)他闷坐,(14)只管睡觉去了。那(15)林黛玉依着床栏杆,(16)两手抱着膝,(17)眼睛含着泪,好似(18)木雕泥塑一般,直坐到二更多天,方才睡了。(19)一宿无话[14]。
图1.林黛玉-原语主位推进模式示意图
由图1可看出,1,2小句为平行推进型;2和3-5小句属于派生推进型;1,6小句为延续平行推进型;6和7-9为派生推进型;10,11,12小句为平行推进型;12,13为序列推进型;13,14,15小句属于平行推进型;15与16-18构成派生推进型;18,19小句构成平行推进型。
例(1b):霍译版-林黛玉性情刻画
译者霍克斯将原文语篇拆分为语段:
(1)Nightingale and Snowgoose had long since become habituated to Dai-yu’s moody temperament; (2)they were used to her unaccountable fits of depression, (3)when she would sit,the picture of misery, in gloomy silence broken only by an occasional gusty sigh, and to her mysterious, perpetual weeping,that was occasioned by no observable cause.At first (4)they had tried to reason with her, or, imagining that she must be grieving for her parents or that she was feeling homesick or had been upset by some unkindness, (5)they would do their best to comfort her.But as the months lengthened into years and (6)she still continued exactly the same as before, (7)they gradually became accustomed and no longer sought reasons for her behaviour.That was why (8)they ignored her on this occasion and left her alone to her misery, remaining where they were in the outer room and continuing to occupy themselves with their own affairs.
(1)She sat, motionless as a statue, leaning against the back of the bed, her hands clasped about her knees, her eyes full of tears.It had already been dark for some hours (2)when she finally lay down to sleep.
Our story passes over the rest of that night in silence[15].
图2.林黛玉-译语主位推进模式示意图
从图2可知,译文语段1中,1,2小句为平行推进型;2,3,4小句为序列推进型;4,5小句为平行推进型;5,6小句为序列推进型,7,8小句为平行推进型。译文语段2中,1,2小句为平行推进型。
原文刻画林黛玉的忧伤性情,包含19个小句,主位繁多,以短句、小句著称,语言凝练,表意流畅,使用动词“坐、愁、叹、泪、劝、思、想、依、抱、含”等,生动活泼,表述呈动态倾向。主位推进模式灵活多变,平行推进型、序列推进型、延续平行推进型及派生推进型紧密连接,貌似一盘散沙,实为紧密交织的整体,符合汉语形散神聚的特征。译文被整合为三部分,语段1描述旁人眼中的林黛玉,围绕主位结构they or she展开,使用连接词when, as, where, and,附加成分imagining, in gloomy silence,使用分句、从句等表述方式,句式精准,结构完整,以形显义。形容词“gloomy,homesick, full of ”具有动词表意功能,弱势动词“be,become, feel”等静态意味更加明显。语段2特意刻画林黛玉的忧思形象,语段3表述故事尚未完结。主位推进模式以平行推进型及序列推进型见长,主位信息集中单一,符合译语语法意义和逻辑关系,以形合为句居多。
例(2a):芒种节素描
至(1)次日乃是四月二十六日,原来(2)这日未时交芒种节。尚古(3)风俗:凡(4)交芒种节的这日,都要设摆各色礼物,祭饯花神,(5)言芒种一过,便是夏日了,众花皆卸,花神退位,需要饯行。(6)闺中更兴这件风俗,所以(7)大观园中之人,都早起来了。(8)那些女孩子们,或用花瓣柳枝编成轿马的,或用绫锦纱罗叠成干旄旌幢的,(9)都用彩线系了。(10)每一棵树,每一只花,都系了这些物事。(11)满园里绣带飘飘,花枝招展。更兼(12)这些人打扮的桃羞杏让,燕妒莺惭,(13)一时也道不尽[14]。
图3.芒种节-原语主位推进模式示意图
由图3得知,1,2小句为平行推进型;2,3小句为序列推进型;3,4小句为序列推进型;4,5小句为平行推进型;5,6小句为序列推进型;语篇中出现间隔主位T7;6,8小句为延续平行推进型;8,9,10小句为序列推进型;11,12小句为平行推进型;12,13小句属于序列推进型。
例(2b):霍译版-芒种节素描
译者将原文拆分为:
(1)Next day was the twenty-sixth of the fourth month, the day on which, this year, the festival of Grain in Ear was due to fall.To be precise, (2)the festival’s official commencement was on the twenty-sixth day of the fourth month at two o’clock in the afternoon.(3)It has been the custom from time immemorial to make offerings to the flower fairies on this day.(4)For Grain in Ear marks the beginning of summer; (5)it is about this time that the blossom begins to fail; and (6)tradition has it that the flower-spirits, their work now completed, go away on this day and do not return until the following year.(7)The offerings are therefore thought of as a sort of farewell party for the flowers.
(1)This charming custom of ‘speeding the fairies’ is a special favourite with the fair sex, and in Prospect Garden(2)all the girls were up betimes on this day making little coaches and palanquins out of willow-twigs and flowers and little banners and pennants from scraps of brocade and any other pretty material they could find, which they fastened with threads of coloured silk to the tops of flowering trees and shrubs.Soon (3)every plant and tree was decorated and (4)the whole garden had become a shimmering sea of nodding blossoms and fluttering coloured streamers.Moving about in the midst of it all, (5)the girls in their brilliant summer dresses,beside which the most vivid hues of plant and plumage became faint with envy, added the final touch of brightness to a scene of indescribable gaiety and colour[15].
图4.芒种节-译语主位推进模式示意图
由图4可知,语段1中,1-7小句属于平行推进型,紧密围绕芒种节习俗,描述地有条不紊。语段2中,1,2,3小句属于序列推进型,3,4,5小句属平行推进型。
汉语句式多样,组句规则灵活多变,主语形式不拘一格,且可有可无,可用形容词、动词、名词等充当,谓语选择使用动词、名词或形容词等,因此,汉语中存在大量整句和零句,整句与零句互相交错,形成具有流水句特征的汉语语篇。由此,在上述例(2a)中,主位推进模式集平行、序列及延续平行推进型为一体,推进模式交互进行,主谓难辩,主从难识,形离而神合,环环相扣,呈现典型的语言流散特征。译文(2b)将原文拆分为两个语篇,译文语段1主要围绕芒种节节气展开描述,主位信息均为festival, it or offering,遵循英文句型的基本结构:NP+VP,使用谓语动词,was/are, has/has been, marks,具有明显的标记形式。以及对基本句型结构扩展,如使用定语从句、倒装句,the day, on which festival…, or tradition has it….译文句子主次分明,层次清晰,句式工整,呈现出英语聚集性的特征,主位信息表意清楚,推进模式以平行推进型为主,模式单一,符合英语语言的表述习惯。译文(2b)语段2中,推进模式为序列推进型、平行推进型,围绕大观园中的人物、景物展开描述,语言形式整齐,结构规范,为广大目的语读者-普通英语读者所接受。
例(3a):薛宝钗人物刻画
(1)刚要寻别的姊妹去,忽见面前一双玉色蝴蝶,大如团扇,一上一下,迎风蹁跹,十分有趣。(2)宝钗意欲扑了来玩耍,遂向袖中取出扇子来,向草地下来铺。(3)只见那一双蝴蝶,忽起忽落,来来往往,将欲过河去了。(4)倒引的宝钗蹑手蹑脚的,一直跟到池边滴翠亭上,香汗淋漓,娇喘细细。(5)宝钗也无心扑了,刚欲回来,(6)只听那亭里嘁嘁喳喳有人说话。(7)原来这亭子四面俱是游廊曲栏,盖在池中水上,四面雕镂翮子,糊着纸[14]。
图5.薛宝钗-原语主位推进模式示意图
如图5所示,这一语篇较为复杂,1,2小句属平行推进型;2,3小句为序列推进型;3,4,5小句为平行推进型;1,6,2,5小句属于延续平行推进型;6,7小句属于序列推进型。
例(3b):霍译版-薛宝钗人物刻画
霍克斯将原文拆分为:
Her mind made up, (1)she turned round and began to retrace her steps, intending to go back to the other girls; but just at that moment (2)she noticed two enormous turquoise-coloured butterflies a little way ahead of her, each as large as a child’s fan, fluttering and dancing on the breeze.(3)She watched them fascinated and thought she would like to play a game with them.Taking a fan from inside her sleeve and holding it outspread of her, (4)she followed them off the path and into the grass.
To and fro fluttered (1)the pair of butterflies, sometimes alighting for a moment, but always flying off again (2)before she could reach them.Once (3)they seemed on the point of flying across the little river that flowed through the midst of the garden and (4)Bao-chai had to stalk them with bated breath for fear of startling them out on to the water.By the time (5)she had reached the Raindrop Pavilion (6)she was perspiring freely and her interest in the butterflies was beginning to evaporate.(7)She was about to turn back (8)when she became aware of a low murmur of voices coming from inside the pavilion.
(1)Raindrop Pavilion was built in such a way that it projected into the middle of the pool into which the little watercourse widened out at this point, so that on three of its sides (2)it looked out on to the water.(3)It was surrounded by a verandah, whose railing followed the many angles formed by the bays and projections of the base.In each of its wooden walls (4)there was a large paper-covered casement of elegantly patterned lattice-work[15].
由图6得知,语段1中,1,2,3,4小句主位相同,属于平行推进型,语义连贯,语言流畅。
语段2中,1,2小句属于平行推进型;2,3,4小句互为序列推进型;3小句属于序列推进型;4,5,6,7,8小句属于平行推进型。语段3中,1,2,3,4小句均描述主位信息-滴翠亭,属于平行推进型。
图6.薛宝钗-译语主位推进模式示意图
原语语篇的一大特色即使用四字格与叠字叠词,如迎风蹁跹、香汗淋漓、忽起忽落、嘁嘁喳喳等,增强了原语篇的表现力,符合汉语均衡美的特征,语言优美,铿锵有力,给原语读者留下尤为深刻的印象,由此原语语篇的主位推进模式较为复杂,主位信息形式多样,融合了多组主位推进模式,以平行、序列及延续平行推进型互相交错。霍克斯将原文语篇拆分为三个语段,语段1描述宝钗巧遇蝴蝶,通篇为平行推进型;语段2刻画宝钗戏蝶,推进模式为平行推进型为主,序列推进型为辅;语段3刻画滴翠亭,推进模式均为平行推进型。译文语段中,很少采用重叠形式,如将原文的叠字叠词处理为分词结构fluttering, alighting for a moment but always flying off again等,译者尽量变换方法来避免原语中的重叠,使译文语言简洁,此措辞方式符合英语受众的语言心理习惯,将译语的语言特征体现地尽善尽美,再现翻译的意识形态。
翻译实践始于句子,终于语篇[16]。语篇要保持衔接连贯,主位推进模式则成为译者翻译过程中的瓶颈。《红楼梦》原语语篇主位推进模式总体上呈现出多样化的特点,主位种类繁多,信息涵量极大,推进模式紧密交错,推进系列数目庞杂。译语语篇中,译者巧妙地将原语篇整合拆分,语段表意清晰,遣词格式工整,主位信息简洁,围绕某一主题展开论述,主位推进模式以平行推进型与序列推进型为主,符合英语表述习惯,是译者主体意识的体现,译语语言风格的载体,翻译意识形态的产物。霍克斯在翻译《红楼梦》时,鉴于英汉两种语言的差异,将原语语篇-林黛玉、薛宝钗及芒种节气的刻画,分别处理成为独立语段,描述各色人物、景物,重新构建语篇的主位推进模式,反映出译语重形合的特征,是一种静态、聚集的综合语。译者恰巧将这种语言意识形态勾勒出来,不失为语言归化后的英美目的语读者的经典读物,翻译意识形态的结晶。同时验证了所提出的两个假设,即《红楼梦》及霍译版语篇主位推进模式的不同,是由汉英语言差异造成的;汉语语言形式多样,其语篇推进模式灵活交错,译语-英语语篇体现出英语的表述习惯,是一种重形合的语言,意识形态使然,霍译版语篇主位推进模式趋于单一简化。
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