俞媛洁,陈继红,罗和生,Jan D Huizinga
1.武汉大学人民医院消化内科,湖北 武汉 430060;2.麦克马斯特大学健康科学学院医学系,加拿大 哈密尔顿
5-羟色胺(5-hydroxytryptamine,5-HT),也称血清素(serotonin),是胃肠道重要的信号分子,参与肠道运动和感知的调节[1]。临床上5-HT类制剂广泛用于治疗结肠动力相关性疾病,并获得较好的疗效,但具体作用机理不甚清楚。本文围绕5-HT与结肠动力的关系作一综述。
膳食中的色氨酸经色氨酸羟化酶(tryptophan hydroxylase,TpH)转化为5-羟基-L-色氨酸(5-HTP),经L-氨基酸脱羧酶转化为5-HT。TpH1主要在肠上皮隐窝肠嗜铬细胞(enterochromaffin cells,ECs)表达,是5-HT生物合成的限速酶,而TpH2仅在神经组织表达,是另一种基因产物[2]。
大脑合成极少数5-HT[3]。人体大约95%的5-HT储存于肠道[3]。肠道5-HT分别在内分泌细胞肠嗜铬细胞以及肌间神经丛血清素能神经元内经TpH催化合成,称为黏膜源性5-HT和神经源性5-HT。
1.1 肠黏膜嗜铬细胞源性5-HT 人十二指肠和直肠含有大量的ECs,且直肠ECs含量最高[1]。90%以上的5-HT储存于ECs基底分泌颗粒[4]。ECs是一种传感器,对肠腔内压力和化学刺激非常敏感,肠腔内压力升高即可引起5-HT释放。研究发现,迷走神经刺激[5-6]、腔内酸化[7]和进食[8]等刺激均可诱发 ECs释放5-HT。
ECs基底外侧缘释放的5-HT进入血循环与胃肠道[3]。血小板缺乏TpH,无法合成5-HT,它能摄取血液循环中95%的5-HT,是血清5-HT的唯一来源。释放入肠道的5-HT作用于黏膜下传入神经神经元上的5-HT受体,激发蠕动反射,并调节肠道分泌。
结肠对扩张刺激表现出的明显收缩反应与ECs释放5-HT有关,且不被河豚毒(tetrodotoxin,TTX)阻断[9]。研究表明,黏膜刺激引起ECs释放5-HT,作用于传入神经元的5-HT4受体,诱导蠕动反射,促进结肠推进性运动[10]。ECs激活内在初级传入神经元(intrinsci primary afferent neurons,IPANs)和外在初级传入神经元(extrinsic primary afferent neurons,EPANs),黏膜下IPANs分泌Ach和降钙素,作用于5-HT1PR,启动蠕动与分泌反射[11]。
有研究发现,TpH1敲除小鼠ECs无法合成5-HT,但肠道动力仍正常[12-13],且 Keating 等[14]去除结肠黏膜后,结肠移行性运动复合波(colonic migrating motor complexes,CMMCs)仍存在,提示结肠运动并不依赖ECs源性5-HT,ECs源性5-HT仅起调节作用。此外,Heredia等[15-16]发现去除结肠黏膜后,自发性CMMCs消失,但仍存在诱导的CMMCs。ECs源性5-HT与结肠动力的关系仍需深入研究。
1.2 神经源性5-HT 5-HT是一种肌间神经丛神经递质[17]。虽然仅有2%的神经元为5-HT能神经元,但其重要性毋庸置疑,它与50%的肌间神经丛其他神经元形成突触,促进胆碱能运动神经元、氮能神经元释放乙酰胆碱(Ach)[18-19]和 NO[19-20],分别引起平滑肌收缩与舒张。
研究发现,TpH2敲除小鼠神经源性5-HT合成受阻,血清素能神经传递缺失,引起肠道传输时间延长、小肠推进性运动与结肠动力减弱[12]。因为神经源性5-HT不仅是一种神经递质,也是肠神经系统(enteric nervous system,ENS)发育的重要生长因子,敲除TpH2后肌间肠神经系统发育不完整。有研究支持,5-HT能中间神经元[3]可能直接或间接影响运动神经元、Cajal间质细胞(interstitial cells of Cajal,ICCs)[21]和平滑肌[22],显示神经源性5-HT可能在调控结肠运动中起主要作用。
5-HT 存在多种受体(5-HT receptor,5-HTR),目前发现其至少有7种亚型(5-HT1~5-HT7),并在肠上皮细胞、内在神经元、外在神经元、间质细胞以及肠平滑肌细胞表达(见表1)。IPANs表达5-HT3、5-HT1A、5-HT4和5-HT7受体[23],其他肌间神经丛神经元表达5-HT3和5-HT4受体。5-HT3和5-HT4主要分布于肠道,与胃肠运动功能最为密切[3]。5-HT3受体在IPANs黏膜末端表达,介导快兴奋性突触电位[24-25]。黏膜施以5-HT可通过5-HT3受体激活局部反射通路,增强肠道蠕动[26-27]。5-HT能增加黏膜下IPANs释放ACh与降钙素基因相关肽,诱发肠道推进性蠕动[28]。5-HT受体间关系和协调作用未见报道。
表1 消化道5-HT受体分布及其动力调控Tab1 The distribution and regulation of 5-HT receptor in the gastrointestinal tract
5-HT3受体能够介导血清素能中间神经元突触间的快兴奋性神经传导,以及肌间IPANs黏膜刺激的传导。
5-HT3受体拮抗剂延迟结肠以及全肠道传输时间[29],抑制肠动力。能增加肠水分吸收与大便黏稠度[30],抑制餐后肠蠕动[31-32]。可引起便秘,适用于腹泻型肠易激综合征(irritable bowel syndrome,IBS)。
图1 格拉司琼抑制大鼠全结肠推进性运动[39]Fig1 Granisetron inhibited rats colonic motility
选择性5-HT3受体拮抗剂阿洛司琼(alosetron)最初报道仅对女性腹泻型IBS有效[33],后证明对男性效果类似[1]。可诱发缺血性结肠炎,发生率为0.15%[34],较正常人(0)高。还引发便秘,发生率为29%,严重便秘可引起肠梗阻、肠道破裂,甚至死亡。该现象与我们近期大鼠全结肠实验的发现相吻合,大鼠远端结肠施以格拉司琼(granisetron)后推进性运动受抑,长距离收缩(long distance contractions,LDCs)减少,非推进性运动(分节运动等)增加,但再给予氯贝胆碱(bethanechol)可引发强有力的节律性逆向收缩(见图1)[35]。2000年11月,在阿洛司琼问市9个月后,因消化道副反应严重危及生命,美国食品与药物管理局(Food and Drug Administration,FDA)宣布撤市。2002年7月FDA再次批准上市,用于治疗女性腹泻为主的严重IBS。此外,有研究报道,西兰司琼(cilansetron)也可引起缺血性结肠炎[36-37]。
肠神经元和平滑肌细胞表达5-HT4受体。肠神经系统胆碱能神经末梢5-HT4受体激活,中间神经元与运动神经元释放Ach,推进性运动增强[38]。研究发现[39],黏膜5-HT4受体激活能促进结肠推进性运动。5-HT4激动剂能与多种受体结合,受体亲和力(见表2)。
非选择性5-HT4受体激动剂,如替加色罗(tegaserod)与西沙必利(cisapride),能抑制5-HT再摄取转运体(serotonin reuptake transporter,SERT)活性,增强结肠蠕动,加快近端结肠排空与传输,增加排便频率,有效改善便秘症状,缓解腹部疼痛不适,用于治疗便秘型IBS与慢性便秘[40]。研究发现,替加色罗增加女性肠蠕动总数[41-43]。但替加色罗可诱发心血管不良事件(心肌缺血),机制不清[1],可能与5-HT1受体亚型有关,西沙必利能导致QT间期延长,可能与hERG编码的钾通道有关[44]。
新型选择性5-HT4受体激动剂,如普鲁卡必利(prucalopride)、维司曲格(velusetrag)、奈莫必利(nemonapride)能加快结肠传输[45],加速升结肠排空[46],增加排便频率与自发肠蠕动[47],并降低大便黏稠度[48],对慢传输型便秘(slow transit constipation,STC)效果显著。有报道,老年患者应用4周普鲁卡必利(2 mg,1次/d)后便秘症状有所改善[49]。新型 5-HT4受体激动剂副作用主要表现为轻型腹泻,降低剂量或停药后症状消失[3]。
新型非选择性5-HT4受体激动剂,如伦扎必利(renzapride)与普鲁卡必利作用类似,能兴奋肠肌间神经元5-HT4受体,释放Ach,刺激平滑肌收缩,且呈剂量依赖,常用于治疗便秘型IBS与交替型IBS。莫沙必利(mosapride)代谢产物为5-HT3受体拮抗剂,对结肠动力作用弱[50]。
表2 5-HT4激动剂的受体亲和力Tab2 The receptor affinity of 5-HT4agonist
5-HT再摄取转运体(serotonin reuptake transporter,SERT,5-HTT)摄取并灭活5-HT。血清素能神经元质膜能表达特异性SERT,介导5-HT再摄取[51],肠黏膜此类神经元缺乏,但小鼠、大鼠、豚鼠以及人黏膜上皮细胞均表达 SERT[52-53]。小肠 SERT 表达最多[54]。炎症性肠病(inflammation bowel disease,IBD)与IBS的结肠 SERT 表达减少[53]。
体外抑制肠内SERT,起初能增强肠蠕动,但随着5-HT受体敏感性降低,蠕动反射将终止,局部刺激黏膜后,黏膜下IPANs增加,提示小肠黏膜上皮SERT参与ECs源性5-HT灭活。
当SERT被抑制或敲除时,有机阳离子转运体和多巴胺转运蛋白可部分代偿SERT功能,但不足以维持正常的功能。SERT敲除小鼠结肠动力增强,粪便含水量增加,表现为腹泻,或腹泻便秘交替[52],与IBS患者症状相似。选择性5-HT再摄取抑制剂(selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors,SSRIs)和三环类抗抑郁药可调节SERT功能,理论上可缓解IBS症状。
5-HT参与肠道运动功能调控。血清素能神经元受损时肠道收缩活动紊乱,肠道运动障碍患者5-HT功能明显受损。
5-HT代谢异常可能与IBS发病有关。腹泻型IBS与感染后IBS循环5-HT增加,便秘型IBS循环5-HT减少[55]。腹泻型IBS结肠黏膜5-HT浓度升高,便秘型则降低[56]。感染后IBS患者ECs数量和5-HT阳性的肠神经纤维增加[57]。5-HT3与5-HT4受体拮抗剂能延迟腹泻型IBS结肠传输,提示D-IBS患者5-HT增加[58]。便秘型IBS患者ECs数量大幅度下降,5-HT与ECs数目比增加,提示便秘型IBS患者5-HT释放异常。
慢性便秘患者5-HT信号异常[28]。慢传输型便秘患者结肠肌层神经元5-HT增加,但平滑肌5-HT受体减少,5-HT3依赖的胃结肠反射受损。Dinning等[59-60]在慢性便秘患者结肠测压中观测到推进性收缩减少,逆向运动增加导致结肠传输减慢、排便困难。慢性便秘中5-HT受体可用性、密度以及功能是否降低尚不确定[61]。
总之,5-HT参与结肠运动调节,但具体调节机制复杂,受体在各段结肠分布不同,受体间相互作用不清,5-HT作用于平滑肌具体方式不明,难以直接从临床效果上判断各5-HT制剂对结肠运动的影响。若按结肠部位独立研究,有望阐明结肠5-HT的生理机制,以及各5-HT制剂的特定效应,为临床提供理论依据。
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