利用作文语料库助力英语写作教学

2014-09-17 11:07王明霞夏春来
江苏教育·中学教学版 2014年8期
关键词:写作教学高中英语

王明霞 夏春来

【摘 要】本文针对当前高中英语写作教学“高投入、低效率”的现状,提出教师将作文批改过程中学生的典型错误、亮点句子、优秀范文、教师下水作文等按试卷来源、体裁、题材等进行整理,组成英语作文语料库。作文素材库的建立有利于学生建立写作“支架”,减轻写作焦虑,调动写作积极性,也减轻了教师挑选作文试题的负担。

【关键词】作文语料库 高中英语 写作教学

一、 引言

写作是一项综合性很强的语言实践活动。在英语教学中,它属于听、说、读、写、译五种基本技能的中间环节,具有承上启下的作用。长期以来,广大教师就如何改进英语写作教学做了大量而富有成效的探索(杨晓冬,2009)。但当前高中英语写作教学现状依然不令人满意,学生作文写了不少,但写作能力依然滞后,具体表现为审题不清、布局不合理、中式表达、语言单调、时态混乱等。为改变高中英语作文教学“高投入、低效率”的状况,笔者在教学实践中通过建立作文语料库进行作文教学,有效地提高了学生的英语写作能力。

二、 建立作文语料库的好处

1. 作文语料库。

作文语料库是指教师将作文批改过程中学生的典型错误、亮点句子、优秀范文、教师下水作文等按试卷来源、体裁、题材等进行整理,组成作文语料库(见表1)。为保证语料库素材的时效性和示范性,写作素材均选自近年来的高考和各地模拟试题。

2. 作文语料库的优点。

通过整理写作素材建立作文语料库,有利于改变当前中学英语写作教学随意化的状况,促进写作教学走向系统化、制度化。语料库中的作文题来自教师的教学实践,具有较强的可操作性和实用性。教师在开展写作教学时,只需打开语料库,根据阶段写作要求和体裁选择相应的题目即可。语料库中的素材便捷、实用,减轻了教师挑选作文训练材料的负担。

三、 作文语料库在高中英语写作教学中的应用

下面以2013年江苏省盐城市高三英语二模作文(见表1标记*处)为例,谈谈如何使用作文语料库开展高中英语作文教学。

(一)写作前搭建写作支架

根据“支架”理论,学生可在教师和同学的帮助下,将复杂的学习任务加以分解并逐步构建整体。这样学生在“支架”的帮助下能较快地迈向更高台阶,思维积极活跃,并且能够在完成学习任务的同时提升能力;在“支架”撤离后,也能独立思考,解决问题(缪四平,2013)。教师可以从以下几个方面帮助学生搭建写作支架,从而降低写作难度,提高学生写作的积极性。

1.小组对作文题进行讨论。(略)

2.呈现错误语料。

写作前分析写作中有可能犯的错误,不但可以降低写作难度,而且有利于减轻学生写作过程中的焦虑情绪,对高中英语写作教学有着一定的反拨作用。教师将以前学生写作过程中犯的错误按词性误用、粘连句、句子结构不完整、时态错误等分类呈现,帮助学生在写作过程中少犯错误。

3.提取写作词块。

Nattinger和DeCarrico(1992)根据结构和功能角度把词块分为4类:聚合词(polywords)、惯常的表达形式(institutionalized utterances)、短语限制结构(collocates)、句子构造成分(sentence frames and heads)。笔者(2010)通过对2009年全国各地20套高考英语作文参考范文研究发现,聚合词、短语限制结构、句子构造成分是高考英语书面表达中的高频目标词块。因此,增加学生在这几方面的词块输入,对于学生在限时写作中的有效输出将起到重要作用。针对这个话题,教师可以帮助学生提取的写作词块有:

according to, such as/like,There may be several possible reasons accounting for/contributing to this phenomenon. for one thing,for another thing, in ones opinion, be expected to, besides, last but not least,...

(二)作文限时训练

学生在平时写作时,由于时间比较充足,可以通过看笔记、查词典等方式打磨出一篇水平较高的作文。但考试时,由于时间紧,没有可参考的资料,且学生处于高度紧张状态,导致学生写出的文章错误百出,惨不忍睹。为帮助学生适应考场作文的紧张氛围,教师平时要有意识地锻炼学生,时间一般控制在25~35分钟。

(三)写作后的评价和讲评

1.同伴互评。同伴互评是学生对同伴作文中蕴含的信息进行分析、质疑、推敲、指导、修改、赏析的一种评价方式(郑士强,2013)。在高中英语写作教学中使用同伴评价能够提升学生的识错意识和识错能力。为方便学生在同伴互评中操练,教师可使用写作评价与反馈量规表,如陈凤梅(2013,版面所限,略),并指导学生评价同学作文。

2.教师评价。在学生评价的基础上,教师对学生作文进行二次评价以了解学情。教师批阅作文时,要善于发现学生习作中的美词佳句,并用不同符号标识,如美词旁打上“☆”,佳句下划上波浪线或使用文字,如Super!/ Excellent!/ Perfect!/Wonderful!/ Fantastic!/ Marvelous!)等(陈凤梅,2011;王青,2007)。为便于操作,笔者将学生作文中的错误用不同符号进行标识。如,用词不当用W(Word);搭配不当用P(Phrase);句型误用用S(Sentence);语法错误用G(Grammar);时态错误用T(Tense);审题不清用R(Reread);谋篇布局不合理用A(Arrangement);等等。

3.作文讲评。作文评判对提高学生的写作能力具有非常重要的作用,评卷人员(教师)的点评往往可以为学生指明努力的方向,但在平时教学中评卷人员难以对每篇作文都给出详细的分析。因此,在全班进行讲解式评判非常必要(刘庆思,2009)。作文讲评材料来自于学生写作过程中的真实语料,是作文语料库的重要部分。教师要根据作文批阅情况,及时更新讲评素材,使得语料库中的素材更加丰富和具有时效性。作文讲评包括以下几个部分。

(1)列举典型错误

A.词性误用。如Boys tend to have behaviour problems such as lying,thefting and so on. (theft为名词,不应加ing)

B.粘连句。如 11.6% students are trapped in emotional problems,among them girls have the higher rate.(改为among whom)

C.句子结构不完整。如For one thing,too many punishments and interference,they cant live in harmony with their parents.(too many punishments and interference不能单独组成句子)

D.主谓不一致。如 For another thing, students who suffers from study cant get along well with others. (suffers改为suffer)

E.中式表达。如One is mood problem, such as rather anxiety, lacking confidence and so on.(“极度焦虑”应为extreme anxiety)

F.结构单调。如For another thing, students are put more pressure on study. It results in many difficuties in friendship.(改为...,which...)

G. 盲目使用复杂结构,造成句子冗长。如For another thing, giant as the pressure is,which comes from study, that students have difficulty getting well with others.(改为...from study is,...)

(2)点赞亮点句型

如: ①As a famous saying goes, all work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.②Male students cover 16.2% while the percentage of female students is 11.4%. ③From the survey, we find that 16.2% of the boys suffer from mental problems while girls account for 11.4%.④In additon, they can turn to friends for help when confused with mental problems.⑤They are not supposed to give students too much punishement and interference in the name of love.等等。

(3)对照参考范文(略)

(4)教师对范文的二次加工

在平时的教学过程中,笔者发现,由于种种原因,造成当前各类考试提供的范文水平良莠不齐。有时命题者为避免评卷人起评标准过高,编写的范文词汇过于简单,句子结构过于单一,不能体现学生当前阶段的学习水平,不具有示范性。因此,教师要对范文进行二次加工,将现阶段学生所学的高级词汇、复杂句式用到范文中去,以方便学生参考、借鉴。以下是笔者改写的范文。

According to the survey,16.2 percent of the boys and 11.4 percent of the girls have psychological problems. 11.6 percent of them,a large percentage of whom are girls, suffer from emotional problems,such as feeling upset, lacking self-confidence and etc. 8.8 percent,most of whom are boys,have abnormal behaviors,such as lying,stealing and so on.

There may be several possible reasons accounting for this phenomenon. For one thing,some parents cant build a harmonious family. Some have tight control of their children and punish them too often. For another,many students are under heavy pressure from study and unable to get along well with people around.

In my opinion, parents should give their children enough freedom and space and often communicate with them. Besides,schools are expected to establish campus counseling centers to offer timely help. Last but not the least,students had better keep optimistic and develop more hobbies.

(5)展示学生优秀范文(略)

(6)学生二次修改作文

学生将作文题目、第一稿作文、第二稿作文、典型错误、亮点句型等整理成作文档案本,也是一个很好的个人写作素材库。

四、 结语

综上所述,运用语料库开展高中英语作文教学是一个长期的系统工程。教师要不断优化操作流程,更新写作语料,将阶段教学要求体现到作文教学中去,真正让学生会写、乐写,教师会教、乐教。

【参考文献】

[1]James R. Nattinger,Jeanette S. DeCarrico. Lexical Phrases and Language Teaching[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,1992(3).

[2]陈凤梅.利用作文讲评提高学生的英语写作能力[J].中小学外语教学:中学篇,2011(9).

[3]刘庆思. 关于中学生英语作文评判方法的思考[J].中小学外语教学:中学篇,2009(3).

[4]缪四平. “支架”理论在初中英语课文记忆中的运用[J].中小学英语教学与研究,2013(5).

[5]杨励吾. 高中生英语作文语病分析与训练策略[J].基础教育外语教学研究,2008(12).

(作者单位:江苏省镇江市教育局教研室;江苏省句容高级中学)

(1)列举典型错误

A.词性误用。如Boys tend to have behaviour problems such as lying,thefting and so on. (theft为名词,不应加ing)

B.粘连句。如 11.6% students are trapped in emotional problems,among them girls have the higher rate.(改为among whom)

C.句子结构不完整。如For one thing,too many punishments and interference,they cant live in harmony with their parents.(too many punishments and interference不能单独组成句子)

D.主谓不一致。如 For another thing, students who suffers from study cant get along well with others. (suffers改为suffer)

E.中式表达。如One is mood problem, such as rather anxiety, lacking confidence and so on.(“极度焦虑”应为extreme anxiety)

F.结构单调。如For another thing, students are put more pressure on study. It results in many difficuties in friendship.(改为...,which...)

G. 盲目使用复杂结构,造成句子冗长。如For another thing, giant as the pressure is,which comes from study, that students have difficulty getting well with others.(改为...from study is,...)

(2)点赞亮点句型

如: ①As a famous saying goes, all work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.②Male students cover 16.2% while the percentage of female students is 11.4%. ③From the survey, we find that 16.2% of the boys suffer from mental problems while girls account for 11.4%.④In additon, they can turn to friends for help when confused with mental problems.⑤They are not supposed to give students too much punishement and interference in the name of love.等等。

(3)对照参考范文(略)

(4)教师对范文的二次加工

在平时的教学过程中,笔者发现,由于种种原因,造成当前各类考试提供的范文水平良莠不齐。有时命题者为避免评卷人起评标准过高,编写的范文词汇过于简单,句子结构过于单一,不能体现学生当前阶段的学习水平,不具有示范性。因此,教师要对范文进行二次加工,将现阶段学生所学的高级词汇、复杂句式用到范文中去,以方便学生参考、借鉴。以下是笔者改写的范文。

According to the survey,16.2 percent of the boys and 11.4 percent of the girls have psychological problems. 11.6 percent of them,a large percentage of whom are girls, suffer from emotional problems,such as feeling upset, lacking self-confidence and etc. 8.8 percent,most of whom are boys,have abnormal behaviors,such as lying,stealing and so on.

There may be several possible reasons accounting for this phenomenon. For one thing,some parents cant build a harmonious family. Some have tight control of their children and punish them too often. For another,many students are under heavy pressure from study and unable to get along well with people around.

In my opinion, parents should give their children enough freedom and space and often communicate with them. Besides,schools are expected to establish campus counseling centers to offer timely help. Last but not the least,students had better keep optimistic and develop more hobbies.

(5)展示学生优秀范文(略)

(6)学生二次修改作文

学生将作文题目、第一稿作文、第二稿作文、典型错误、亮点句型等整理成作文档案本,也是一个很好的个人写作素材库。

四、 结语

综上所述,运用语料库开展高中英语作文教学是一个长期的系统工程。教师要不断优化操作流程,更新写作语料,将阶段教学要求体现到作文教学中去,真正让学生会写、乐写,教师会教、乐教。

【参考文献】

[1]James R. Nattinger,Jeanette S. DeCarrico. Lexical Phrases and Language Teaching[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,1992(3).

[2]陈凤梅.利用作文讲评提高学生的英语写作能力[J].中小学外语教学:中学篇,2011(9).

[3]刘庆思. 关于中学生英语作文评判方法的思考[J].中小学外语教学:中学篇,2009(3).

[4]缪四平. “支架”理论在初中英语课文记忆中的运用[J].中小学英语教学与研究,2013(5).

[5]杨励吾. 高中生英语作文语病分析与训练策略[J].基础教育外语教学研究,2008(12).

(作者单位:江苏省镇江市教育局教研室;江苏省句容高级中学)

(1)列举典型错误

A.词性误用。如Boys tend to have behaviour problems such as lying,thefting and so on. (theft为名词,不应加ing)

B.粘连句。如 11.6% students are trapped in emotional problems,among them girls have the higher rate.(改为among whom)

C.句子结构不完整。如For one thing,too many punishments and interference,they cant live in harmony with their parents.(too many punishments and interference不能单独组成句子)

D.主谓不一致。如 For another thing, students who suffers from study cant get along well with others. (suffers改为suffer)

E.中式表达。如One is mood problem, such as rather anxiety, lacking confidence and so on.(“极度焦虑”应为extreme anxiety)

F.结构单调。如For another thing, students are put more pressure on study. It results in many difficuties in friendship.(改为...,which...)

G. 盲目使用复杂结构,造成句子冗长。如For another thing, giant as the pressure is,which comes from study, that students have difficulty getting well with others.(改为...from study is,...)

(2)点赞亮点句型

如: ①As a famous saying goes, all work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.②Male students cover 16.2% while the percentage of female students is 11.4%. ③From the survey, we find that 16.2% of the boys suffer from mental problems while girls account for 11.4%.④In additon, they can turn to friends for help when confused with mental problems.⑤They are not supposed to give students too much punishement and interference in the name of love.等等。

(3)对照参考范文(略)

(4)教师对范文的二次加工

在平时的教学过程中,笔者发现,由于种种原因,造成当前各类考试提供的范文水平良莠不齐。有时命题者为避免评卷人起评标准过高,编写的范文词汇过于简单,句子结构过于单一,不能体现学生当前阶段的学习水平,不具有示范性。因此,教师要对范文进行二次加工,将现阶段学生所学的高级词汇、复杂句式用到范文中去,以方便学生参考、借鉴。以下是笔者改写的范文。

According to the survey,16.2 percent of the boys and 11.4 percent of the girls have psychological problems. 11.6 percent of them,a large percentage of whom are girls, suffer from emotional problems,such as feeling upset, lacking self-confidence and etc. 8.8 percent,most of whom are boys,have abnormal behaviors,such as lying,stealing and so on.

There may be several possible reasons accounting for this phenomenon. For one thing,some parents cant build a harmonious family. Some have tight control of their children and punish them too often. For another,many students are under heavy pressure from study and unable to get along well with people around.

In my opinion, parents should give their children enough freedom and space and often communicate with them. Besides,schools are expected to establish campus counseling centers to offer timely help. Last but not the least,students had better keep optimistic and develop more hobbies.

(5)展示学生优秀范文(略)

(6)学生二次修改作文

学生将作文题目、第一稿作文、第二稿作文、典型错误、亮点句型等整理成作文档案本,也是一个很好的个人写作素材库。

四、 结语

综上所述,运用语料库开展高中英语作文教学是一个长期的系统工程。教师要不断优化操作流程,更新写作语料,将阶段教学要求体现到作文教学中去,真正让学生会写、乐写,教师会教、乐教。

【参考文献】

[1]James R. Nattinger,Jeanette S. DeCarrico. Lexical Phrases and Language Teaching[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,1992(3).

[2]陈凤梅.利用作文讲评提高学生的英语写作能力[J].中小学外语教学:中学篇,2011(9).

[3]刘庆思. 关于中学生英语作文评判方法的思考[J].中小学外语教学:中学篇,2009(3).

[4]缪四平. “支架”理论在初中英语课文记忆中的运用[J].中小学英语教学与研究,2013(5).

[5]杨励吾. 高中生英语作文语病分析与训练策略[J].基础教育外语教学研究,2008(12).

(作者单位:江苏省镇江市教育局教研室;江苏省句容高级中学)

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