陈金仙+顾晓霞+蔡树云+彭雪+杨光平
作者简介:陈金仙,女,副主任医师,医学学士。Email:gu7450210@163.com.
陈金仙,顾晓霞,蔡树云,彭雪,杨光平
(广东医学院附属医院麻醉科,湛江524001)
【摘要】目的探讨麻醉手术前使用右美托咪定对患者麻醉术前身心应激的抑制程度。
方法选择100例20~60岁、ASAⅠ~Ⅱ级的择期手术患者,随机分为两组:实验组(A组)于麻醉前45 min鼻内滴注右美托咪定1 μg/kg,对照组(B组)麻醉前45 min鼻内滴注等容量的生理盐水;分别于用药前后测定患者SBP、DBP、HR、SpO2、焦虑视觉模拟评分(AVAT)、肾上腺素(E)和去甲肾上腺素(NE)的水平。
结果对照组患者SBP、DBP、HR、SpO2在用药前后比较差异无统计学意义(P>005),实验组在用药前后各时间点的SBP、SpO2的变化无统计学意义(P>0.05),但在用药后T4、T5时DBP与对照组比较有统计学意义(P<001);实验组用药后各时点HR开始下降,与用药前及对照组同一时间点比较差异有统计学意义(P<001)。对照组患者在用药45 min后AVAT、E、NE的水平明显升高,差异有统计学意义(P<001);实验组在用药后AVAT明显下降,E、NE的水平明显上升高,差异有统计学意义(P<001);且两组用药后AVAT、E、NE的水平比较差异有统计学意义(P<001)。
结论 右美托咪定滴鼻预处理可以减轻麻醉手术前患者的生理和心理应激,是一种安全有效的术前用药。
【关键词】右美托咪定;滴鼻;身心应激
中图分类号:R614文献标识码:A文章编号:10031383(2014)03031304
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.10031383.2014.03.015
Effect of dexmedetomidine nasal drop as premedication on the psychophysical stress of patients before anesthesia for surgery
CHEN Jinxian,GU Xiaoxia,CAI Shuyun,PENG Xue,YANG Guangping
(Department of Anesthesiology,Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College,Zhanjiang 524001,Guangdong,China)
【Abstract】ObjectiveTo investigate the inhibition degree of dexmedetomidine(DEX) on patients psychophysical stress before anesthesia for surgery.
Methods100 patients aged from 20 to 60 with ASA of gradeⅠtoⅡ,who had been scheduled for surgery,were randomly divided into the experimental group (Group A) and the control group(Group B).The experimental group were given 1 μg/kg of DEX by intranasal instillation 45 mins before anesthesia,while the control group were given the same volume of saline (also by intranasal instillation)45mins before anesthesia.Then,the SBP,DBP,HR,SpO2,anxiety visual analogue scale (AVAT),level of epinephrine (E) and norepinephrine (NE) before and after operation were tested,respectively.
Results Difference of the SBP,DBP,HR and SpO2 were not statistically significant before and after operation in the control group(P>0.05).Difference of SBP and SpO2 of the experimental group at different points in time before and after operation was not statistically significant either (P>0.05),but comparison of DBP at T4 and T5 after operation between two groups showed statistically significant difference (P<0.01).HR at different points in time of the experimental group decreased after DEX was given.They were significantly different from those beforetreatment and those of the control group in the same points in time(P<0.01).45 mins after treatment,the AVAT,E and NE of the control group significantly increased,significantly different from those before treatment(P<0.01).The AVAT of the experimental group significantly decreased after treatment,while their E and NE significantly increased, so the difference was statistically significant(P<0.01). Moreover, difference in AVAT,E and NE of two groups after treatment were statistically significant(P<0.01).
ConclusionIntranasal dexmedetomidine can reduce the patients psychophysical stress in anesthesia before surgery.It is a kind of safe and effective premedication.
【Key words】dexmedetomidine;nasal drop;psychophysical stress
研究表明,患者在手术前存在不同程度的焦虑,发生率一般在60%左右,最高可达80%[1],当术前患者对手术产生过度紧张和焦虑的情绪反应时,就会直接影响手术的顺利进行以及术后的身体恢复[2],因此术前用药的主要目的是镇静和缓解患者焦虑情绪。右美托咪定是一种高效、高选择性肾上腺素α2受体激动剂,它在术前用药方面是一个新的尝试,与咪唑安定相比,有它独特的优越性:因具有独特的“可唤醒”的镇静状态和抑制交感活动的效应,是一种新型的镇静镇痛药物[3,4]。随着舒适化医疗和人性化麻醉的兴起,术前无创性给药方式逐渐取代肌注给药方式,鼻腔给药不通过肝脏的首过效应,用药量小,无创,病人感觉舒适,越来越受到国内外学者的关注和喜爱。本研究观察术前鼻内滴注右美托咪定对手术患者身心应激的影响,为临床术前用药提供参考。
1资料与方法
1.1一般资料 选取择期手术患者100例,年龄18~60岁,ASA分级Ⅰ~Ⅱ级。术前均经医院伦理委员会批准,患者签署知情同意书。排除标准:①体重超过80 kg,或体重指数(BMI)>30 kg/m2;②有严重的心血管和呼吸系统疾病;③肝、肾功能严重受损;④患有严重精神疾病或存在语言交流障碍的患者;⑤经常服用镇痛药或镇静药;⑥患有心动过缓和房室传导阻滞;⑦有严重的鼻内疾患,不利于药物吸收的患者。随机分为实验组(A组)和对照组(B组),每组50例。实验组男26例,女24例,平均年龄(36.5±3.3)岁,平均体重(55.0±7.9)kg,ASAⅠ级36例,Ⅱ级14例,对照组男28例,女22例,平均年龄(37.4±4.8)岁,平均体重(57.0±8.8)kg,ASAⅠ级39例,Ⅱ级11例。两组患者性别、年龄及体重差异无统计学意义(P>005),具有可比性。
1.2研究方法
两组病人分别于麻醉前45 min双盲给予鼻腔滴入1 μg/kg的右美托咪定和生理盐水(均按0.1 ml/kg量给予),患者入室后开放外周静脉,给予面罩吸氧,流量3 L/min,常规行左桡动脉穿刺,采用多功能监护仪动态监测病人心电图(ECG)、心率(HR)、收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、脉搏氧饱和度(SpO2)。
1.3观察指标
两组患者分别于用药前5 min(T1)及用药后10 min(T2)、20 min(T3)、30 min(T4)、40 min(T5)观察记录患者的SBP、DBP、HR、SpO2,于用药前一天和用药后45 min对患者进行焦虑视觉模拟评分(AVAT)。并抽取患者静脉血放入-80℃冰箱保存,最后统一用ELISA试剂盒检测不同时间点肾上腺素(E)和去甲肾上腺素(NE)的水平。
1.4统计学方法
采用SPSS 15.0统计软件分析数据;计量资料以均数±标准差(-±s)进行统计描述,组间比较采用独立样本t检验,组内比较用重复测量资料的方差分析;计数资料采用构成比进行统计描述,独立样本构成比的比较采用卡方检验;对于非正态计数资料采用秩和检验;以P<005为差异统计学意义。
2结果
2.1两组患者围术期SBP、DBP、HR、SpO2变化的比较
对照组在用药前后各时间点的SBP、DBP、SpO2的变化差异无统计学意义(P>005);实验组在用药前后各时间点的SBP、SpO2的变化差异无统计学意义(P>005),但在用药后T4、T5时DBP与对照组比较有统计学意义(P<001);但均未出现明显低血压。对照组患者在用药前后各时间点HR明显增快,实验组患者用药前HR较快,与对照组比较差异无统计学意义(P>005),但实验组用药后各时点HR均明显下降,与用药前及对照组同一时间点比较差异有统计学意义(P<001)。见表1。
2.2两组患者用药前后AVAT、E、NE的比较
两组用药前1天AVAT、E、NE的水平比较差异无统计学意义(P>005);对照组患者在用药45 min后AVAT、E、NE的水平明显上升,差异有统计学意义(P<001);实验组在用药后AVAT明显下降,E、NE的水平明显上升,差异有统计学意义(P<001);且两组用药后AVAT、E、NE的水平比较差异有统计学意义(P<001)。见表2。
表1两组患者SBP、DBP、HR、SpO2变化(n=50,-±s)
指标组别T1T2T3T4T5
SBP(mmHg)A组123.7±14.1121.8±11.4119.9±11.1116.5±12.2119.6±10.9
B组126.6±15.0126.2±13.3120.1±12.1119.7±10.2122.4±12.3
DBP(mmHg)A组73.7±10.169.8±9.465.9±9.1 64.5±10.2▲66.5±6.9▲
B组77.6±11.169.2±10.369.1±9.171.7±10.279.4±12.3
HR(次/min)A组96.4±9.981.9±11.4★▲74.1±8.3★▲70.5±10.5★▲66.9±9.7★▲
B组97.6±11.191.2±10.390.1±9.190.9±10.291.4±12.3
SPO2(%)A组99.2±0.398.5±0.897.3±1.197.5±0.598.6±0.6
B组99.1±0.497.3±1.396.6±0.397.7±1.298.2±0.4
注:与T1比较,★P<001;与B组比较,▲P<001。
表2两组用药前后AVAT、E和NE值变化(n=50,-±s)
组别时间AVAT(mm)E(pg/ml)NE(pg/ml)
A组用药前1天 67.26±14.1247.61±6.2256.31±25.3
用药后45 min30.08±9.11▲#72.36±2.3▲#277.4±16.4▲#
B组用药前1天65.88±10.6746.34±5.8257.16±30.9
用药后45 min80.92±12.7#102.4±9.1#369.9±27.3#
注:与B组比较,▲P<001;与用药前1天比较,#P<001。
3讨论
手术和麻醉均是一种有创性操作,大多数患者都会担心手术可能导致痛苦与不适,故而在术前存在不同程度的恐惧、不安及焦虑情绪,甚至有些患者因焦虑过度惧怕而拒绝手术,导致不能及时有效地治疗疾病而发生更严重的后果。本研究在术前通过鼻腔内给予右美托咪定,取得了很好的镇静抗焦虑效果,缓解了患者麻醉手术前的焦虑和紧张状态。
右美托咪定是一种新型高选择性α2肾上腺素能受体激动药[5],由于其以受体的选择性(α2/α1为1300∶1)远高于可乐定(α2/α1为39∶1) [6],半衰期约为23 h(可乐定为6~10 h)[7],效价比可乐定高3倍,有独特的镇静、抗应激、抗寒战等作用[8],备受临床关注。本研究显示,实验组和对照组在用药前1天AVAT比较差异无统计学意义,在用药45 min后实验组不仅低于用药前1天,而且明显低于对照组;E和NE水平在用药前1天无差异,但在用药后实验组的E和NE水平显著低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<001)。右美托咪定对麻醉手术前患者生理和心理应激的抑制作用可能是因为其激动中枢α2A肾上腺素能受体所致,抑制交感神经过度兴奋,减少血浆儿茶酚胺的释放[9]。从而产生明显的中枢镇静作用和交感抑制作用,减轻了患者麻醉手术前身心的应激反应。
虽然Dex对α2/αl受体的选择性高,但是高浓度的右美托咪定也会表现出明显的直接血管收缩效应,导致血压升高。为了减轻这种反应,本研究采用了鼻内提前45 min预先喷入的方法,结果右美托咪定组未对患者造成明显心动过缓和严重的高血压等不良反应,并且右美托咪定组收缩压、舒张压的变化与同时点的对照组比较差异无统计学意义(P>005);两组用药前心率比较差异无统计学意义,用药后右美托咪定组心率有所下降,与同时点的对照组比较差异有统计学意义(P<001)。所以有合并基础疾病易发生心动过缓的患者应慎用右美托咪定,重度心脏传导阻滞和重度心室功能不全患者不推荐使用。
综上所述,麻醉手术前鼻内预喷右旋美托咪定,能安全有效抑制患者术前身心应激诱发的心血管反应,产生近似自然睡眠的镇静作用且对呼吸无抑制作用[10],值得临床参考应用。
参考文献
[1] Lemon J,Edelman S.Psychological adaptation to ICDs and the influence of anxiety sensitivity[J].Psychol Health Med,2007,12(2):163171.
[2] Walburn J,Vedhara K,Hankins M,et al.Psychological stress and wound healing in humans: a systematic review and metaanalysis[J].J Psychosom Res,2009,67(3):253271.
[3] Dominic S,Carollo Bobby D,Nossaman,et al.Dexmedetomidine: a review of clinical applications[J].Current Opinion in Anesthesiology,2008,21(4):457461.
[4] Afonso J,Reis F.Dexmedetomide: current role in anesthesia and intensive care[J].Rev Bras Anestesiol,2012,62(1):118133.
[5] 刘玲,纪风涛,刘付宁,等.右美托咪定对老年患者腰-硬联合麻醉的镇静效应[J].临床麻醉学杂志,2011,27(1):5154.
[6] Murrell JC,Hellebrekers LG.Medetomidine and dexmedetomidine:a review of cardiovascular efects and antinociceptive properties in the dog[J].Vet Anaesth Analg,2005,32(3):117127.
[7] Ebertt J,Hall J E,Barney JA,et a1.The effects of in creasing plasma concentrations ofdexmedetomidinein humans[J].Anesthesiology,2000,93(2):382394.
[8] Katarzyna R,Piotr K,Hanna M.The effect of dexmedetomidine sedation on brachialplexus block in patientswith endstage renal disease[J].European Journal of Anaesthesiology,2009,26(10):851855.
[9] Willigers HM,Prinzen FW,Roekaerts PM.The Effects of esmolol and dexmedetomidine on myocardial oxygen consumption during sympathetic stimulation in dogs[J].J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth,2006,20(3):364370
[10]Bergese SD,Patrick Bender S,Mc Sweeney TD,et al.A Comparative study of dexmedetomidine with midazolam and midazolam alone for sedationduring elective awake fiberoptic intubation[J].J Clin Anesth,2010,22(1):3540.
(收稿日期:2014-01-14修回日期:2014-05-25)
(编辑:潘明志)
虽然Dex对α2/αl受体的选择性高,但是高浓度的右美托咪定也会表现出明显的直接血管收缩效应,导致血压升高。为了减轻这种反应,本研究采用了鼻内提前45 min预先喷入的方法,结果右美托咪定组未对患者造成明显心动过缓和严重的高血压等不良反应,并且右美托咪定组收缩压、舒张压的变化与同时点的对照组比较差异无统计学意义(P>005);两组用药前心率比较差异无统计学意义,用药后右美托咪定组心率有所下降,与同时点的对照组比较差异有统计学意义(P<001)。所以有合并基础疾病易发生心动过缓的患者应慎用右美托咪定,重度心脏传导阻滞和重度心室功能不全患者不推荐使用。
综上所述,麻醉手术前鼻内预喷右旋美托咪定,能安全有效抑制患者术前身心应激诱发的心血管反应,产生近似自然睡眠的镇静作用且对呼吸无抑制作用[10],值得临床参考应用。
参考文献
[1] Lemon J,Edelman S.Psychological adaptation to ICDs and the influence of anxiety sensitivity[J].Psychol Health Med,2007,12(2):163171.
[2] Walburn J,Vedhara K,Hankins M,et al.Psychological stress and wound healing in humans: a systematic review and metaanalysis[J].J Psychosom Res,2009,67(3):253271.
[3] Dominic S,Carollo Bobby D,Nossaman,et al.Dexmedetomidine: a review of clinical applications[J].Current Opinion in Anesthesiology,2008,21(4):457461.
[4] Afonso J,Reis F.Dexmedetomide: current role in anesthesia and intensive care[J].Rev Bras Anestesiol,2012,62(1):118133.
[5] 刘玲,纪风涛,刘付宁,等.右美托咪定对老年患者腰-硬联合麻醉的镇静效应[J].临床麻醉学杂志,2011,27(1):5154.
[6] Murrell JC,Hellebrekers LG.Medetomidine and dexmedetomidine:a review of cardiovascular efects and antinociceptive properties in the dog[J].Vet Anaesth Analg,2005,32(3):117127.
[7] Ebertt J,Hall J E,Barney JA,et a1.The effects of in creasing plasma concentrations ofdexmedetomidinein humans[J].Anesthesiology,2000,93(2):382394.
[8] Katarzyna R,Piotr K,Hanna M.The effect of dexmedetomidine sedation on brachialplexus block in patientswith endstage renal disease[J].European Journal of Anaesthesiology,2009,26(10):851855.
[9] Willigers HM,Prinzen FW,Roekaerts PM.The Effects of esmolol and dexmedetomidine on myocardial oxygen consumption during sympathetic stimulation in dogs[J].J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth,2006,20(3):364370
[10]Bergese SD,Patrick Bender S,Mc Sweeney TD,et al.A Comparative study of dexmedetomidine with midazolam and midazolam alone for sedationduring elective awake fiberoptic intubation[J].J Clin Anesth,2010,22(1):3540.
(收稿日期:2014-01-14修回日期:2014-05-25)
(编辑:潘明志)
虽然Dex对α2/αl受体的选择性高,但是高浓度的右美托咪定也会表现出明显的直接血管收缩效应,导致血压升高。为了减轻这种反应,本研究采用了鼻内提前45 min预先喷入的方法,结果右美托咪定组未对患者造成明显心动过缓和严重的高血压等不良反应,并且右美托咪定组收缩压、舒张压的变化与同时点的对照组比较差异无统计学意义(P>005);两组用药前心率比较差异无统计学意义,用药后右美托咪定组心率有所下降,与同时点的对照组比较差异有统计学意义(P<001)。所以有合并基础疾病易发生心动过缓的患者应慎用右美托咪定,重度心脏传导阻滞和重度心室功能不全患者不推荐使用。
综上所述,麻醉手术前鼻内预喷右旋美托咪定,能安全有效抑制患者术前身心应激诱发的心血管反应,产生近似自然睡眠的镇静作用且对呼吸无抑制作用[10],值得临床参考应用。
参考文献
[1] Lemon J,Edelman S.Psychological adaptation to ICDs and the influence of anxiety sensitivity[J].Psychol Health Med,2007,12(2):163171.
[2] Walburn J,Vedhara K,Hankins M,et al.Psychological stress and wound healing in humans: a systematic review and metaanalysis[J].J Psychosom Res,2009,67(3):253271.
[3] Dominic S,Carollo Bobby D,Nossaman,et al.Dexmedetomidine: a review of clinical applications[J].Current Opinion in Anesthesiology,2008,21(4):457461.
[4] Afonso J,Reis F.Dexmedetomide: current role in anesthesia and intensive care[J].Rev Bras Anestesiol,2012,62(1):118133.
[5] 刘玲,纪风涛,刘付宁,等.右美托咪定对老年患者腰-硬联合麻醉的镇静效应[J].临床麻醉学杂志,2011,27(1):5154.
[6] Murrell JC,Hellebrekers LG.Medetomidine and dexmedetomidine:a review of cardiovascular efects and antinociceptive properties in the dog[J].Vet Anaesth Analg,2005,32(3):117127.
[7] Ebertt J,Hall J E,Barney JA,et a1.The effects of in creasing plasma concentrations ofdexmedetomidinein humans[J].Anesthesiology,2000,93(2):382394.
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(收稿日期:2014-01-14修回日期:2014-05-25)
(编辑:潘明志)