中国肝癌肝移植临床实践指南

2014-07-07 10:07中华医学会器官移植学分会
中华移植杂志(电子版) 2014年2期
关键词:受者移植术肝移植

中华医学会器官移植学分会

中华医学会外科学分会移植学组

中国医师协会器官移植医师分会

1 前 言

据统计中国每年超过30 万人死于肝细胞肝癌(以下简称肝癌),占全球肝癌死亡人数的一半左右。而肝移植是被全世界认可的治疗终末期肝病最有效的手段之一。我国自20 世纪90 年代掀起第二次肝移植热潮以来,肝移植事业发展迅猛,呈专业化和规模化发展态势,在移植数量和质量方面已接近或达到西方发达国家水平。截止2014 年4 月,中国肝移植注册网站登记肝移植26 751 例。目前,肝移植在全国范围内已得到广泛开展,亟待相关实践指南来指导全国肝移植工作更规范、有效、安全地开展。中华医学会器官移植学分会、中华医学会外科学分会移植学组及中国医师协会器官移植医师分会组织专家制定肝癌肝移植临床实践指南,重点阐述肝移植受者选择标准、术前降期治疗、抗病毒治疗、免疫抑制剂应用、术后复发防治五部分内容。本指南采用的循证医学证据分级主要参考2001 牛津证据分级(详见表1),推荐意见强度主要参考GRADE系统推荐分级等[1-2]。

2 肝癌肝移植受者选择标准(表2)

供肝短缺是世界性难题,故应将宝贵的供肝资源优先分配给肝移植的最大获益者。心脏死亡器官捐献是中国现今拓展供肝来源的主要方向,而活体肝移植在有丰富移植经验的医疗单位已成为一项成熟技术[3]。1996 年Mazzaferro 等提出米兰标准后,符合米兰标准的肝癌肝移植受者获得了长期存活[4-7]。但米兰标准对肝癌大小和数目的限制过于严格,更重要的是忽略了肿瘤的生物学特性。如果根据米兰标准,中国大多数肝癌患者将失去肝移植机会。近年来国际上涌现出一些新的肝癌肝移植受者选择标准,如加州大学洛杉矶分校(University of California,San Francisco,UCSF)标准、Up-to-Seven标准等,这些新标准提出的共同目的是扩大受者人群并取得与米兰标准相似的移植生存率[8-9]。2008 年,中国提出的杭州标准是国际上首个引入肿瘤生物学特性和病理学特征的移植标准,这是对以往标准局限于肿瘤形态学的巨大突破。研究证实,无论是尸体肝移植还是活体肝移植,符合杭州标准的肝癌受者均获得满意的术后生存率[10-15]。近年来,对于肝癌切除术后复发者,如符合肝移植准入标准,多数专家主张行抢救性肝移植[16-17];对于肝癌肝移植术后移植物失功者,再次肝移植应审慎考虑[17-18]。

表1 循证医学证据分级

表2 肝癌肝移植受者选择标准

3 肝癌肝移植术前降期治疗(表3)

肝癌肝移植术前肿瘤降期治疗是通过一系列治疗手段,减轻肿瘤负荷,降低分期,使超出肝癌肝移植受者选择标准的患者能够被纳入移植标准,获得肝移植机会。降期治疗主要适用于不符合现有肝癌肝移植标准,且无门静脉主干或下腔静脉等大血管侵犯、无远处转移的肝癌患者[17,19-21]。降期治疗的方法主要有局部消融治疗和肝动脉栓塞化疗(transcatheter hepatic arterial chemoembolization,TACE)等[17,19,22]。局部消融治疗包括射频消融、微波消融、冷冻消融和经皮无水乙醇注射等方法。降期治疗的疗效一般采用对比增强CT 和MRI,并结合甲胎蛋白(alpha fetal protein,AFP)水平变化进行评估,评价指标包括肿瘤大小、数目和AFP 水平等[22-28]。目前研究认为多种治疗方法的联合应用可达到更好的降期疗效[29]。

表3 肝癌肝移植术前降期治疗

4 肝癌肝移植受者抗病毒治疗(表4)

中国肝癌肝移植受者90%以上与乙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis B virus,HBV)感染相关。肝移植前HBV 载量高以及肝移植后乙型肝炎(以下简称乙肝)复发的受者,肝癌复发的风险增加,因此对乙肝肝移植受者尽早行抗病毒治疗,尽快降低HBV 水平,有助于降低移植术后乙肝复发率,提高受者长期生存率[30-32]。HBV 载量高的等待肝移植患者应采用恩替卡韦等强效、高耐药屏障核苷类似物(nucleostide analogues,NAs)。移植术中无肝期应给予乙型肝炎免疫球蛋白(hepatitis B immunoglobulin,HBIG)。移植后的主要抗病毒治疗方案为NAs 联合低剂量HBIG,其中恩替卡韦或替诺福韦的联合方案能更好地预防移植术后乙肝复发[33-38]。近年来,研究表明应用无激素免疫抑制方案可降低移植术后乙肝复发率[39]。此外也有移植术后接种乙肝疫苗预防乙肝复发的报道,其临床应用尚有争议[40-42]。中国丙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis C virus,HCV)感染患者呈增多趋势,HCV RNA 阳性患者如肝功能Child-Pugh 评分≤7,术前宜进行抗病毒治疗,移植术后须经病理确认丙型肝炎复发后方可给予抗HCV 治疗[43]。

5 肝癌肝移植受者免疫抑制剂应用(表5)

钙调磷酸酶抑制剂(calcineurin inhibitor,CNI)的应用是肝移植后肝癌复发的独立危险因素[44]。对于肝癌肝移植受者,肿瘤的复发风险与其侵袭性及机体的免疫功能有关,受者处于强免疫抑制状态时其免疫监视系统受到破坏,促进肿瘤复发、转移,而免疫抑制剂量不足则容易诱发排斥反应。如何维持这一平衡,目前尚无定论[45-47]。肝癌肝移植受者目前尚不建议免疫抑制剂的全线撤除,但主张个体化的低剂量免疫抑制方案[45]。近年来临床上有糖皮质激素早期撤除、无糖皮质激素及使用具有肿瘤抑制作用的mTOR 抑制剂(西罗莫司为代表)的成功应用方案[48-51]。目前临床上主要的免疫抑制方案为:①他克莫司或环孢素+吗替麦考酚酯+糖皮质激素;②白介素-2 受体阻滞剂+西罗莫司+吗替麦考酚酯+糖皮质激素;③白介素-2 受体阻滞剂+吗替麦考酚酯+他克莫司/西罗莫司[52-55]。

表4 肝癌肝移植受者抗病毒治疗

表5 肝癌肝移植受者免疫抑制剂应用

6 肝癌肝移植术后复发的防治(表6)

文献报道,肝癌肝移植术后5 年肝癌复发率可达20% ~57. 8%,故复发转移的防治十分重要[56-57]。肝癌的形态学特征(大小、数目等)、分期、组织学分级以及生物学特性等应作为术后用药的重要参考,制定个体化治疗方案。

肝癌肝移植术后可能存在针对肿瘤的免疫逃逸,故应给予受者一定疗程的术后治疗,以期尽可能地减少微小转移灶,降低术后复发率。选用碘131美妥昔单抗放射免疫治疗、索拉非尼治疗以及系统性化疗(如奥沙利铂或阿霉素分别与氟尿嘧啶联合使用),均可为部分受者提供一定的生存获益[58-61]。

对于肝移植术后肝癌复发转移者,应用索拉非尼治疗,可延长受者生存期[17,62-64]。肺转移灶如可切除,首选手术切除[65]。移植肝内复发病灶的局部治疗包括手术切除、TACE,局部消融等[66-68]。此外,有专家提出放疗、再次肝移植等可作为治疗的选择。对于晚期患者,可考虑减少或停止免疫抑制剂的使用。

表6 肝癌肝移植术后复发的防治

编审专家组组长: 郑树森

编审专家组成员( 按姓氏拼音排序) : 陈规划、陈实、陈孝平、陈燕凌、陈知水、陈忠华、丁义涛、董家鸿、窦剑、窦科峰、杜国盛、段伟东、傅志仁、高杰、高良辉、何晓顺、贺强、景鸿恩、李波、李立、李宁、李玉民、刘景丰、刘军、卢实春、吕国悦、明英姿、彭承宏、彭贵主、彭志海、钱建民、沈岩、沈中阳、石承先、时军、孙玉岭、王伟林、温浩、吴健、吴忠钧、夏强、徐骁、严律南、杨广顺、杨家印、杨扬、杨占宇、叶啟发、臧运金、张峰、张珉、张水军、郑树森、周琳、朱继业、朱志军

执笔: 徐骁、李建辉、高峰、陈峻、舒哲悦、方维佳、卫强

1 Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine—Levels of Evidence(March 2009)[DB/OL]. Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine,2009[2014-04-15]. http://www. cebm. net/oxfordcentre-evidence-based-medicine-levels-evidence-march-2009/.

2 Schünemann HJ,Oxman AD,Brozek J,et al. Grading quality of evidence and strength of recommendations for diagnostic tests and strategies[J]. BMJ,2008,336(7653):1106-1110.

3 Liang WH,Wu LW,Ling XT,et al. Living donor liver transplantation versus deceased donor liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma:a meta-analysis[J]. Liver Transpl,2012,18(10):1226-1236.

4 Mazzaferro V,Regalia E,Doci R,et al. Liver transplantation for the treatment of small hepatocellular carcinomas in patients with cirrhosis[J]. N Engl J Med,1996,334(11):693-699.

5 European Liver Transplant Registry Results[DB/OL]. European Liver Transplant Registry,2011[2014-04-15]. http://www.eltr.org.

6 OPTN/SRTR Annual Report[DB/OL]. Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network,2011[2014-04-15]. http://www.ustransplant.org.

7 Mazzaferro V,Bhoori S,Sposito C,et al. Milan criteria in liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma: an evidence-based analysis of 15 years of experience[J]. Liver Transpl,2011,17(Suppl 2):S44-S57.

8 Yao FY,Ferrell L,Bass NM,et al. Liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma:expansion of the tumor size limits does not adversely impact survival[J].Hepatology,2001,33(6):1394-1403.

9 Mazzaferro V,Llovet JM,Miceli R,et al. Predicting survival after liver transplantation in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma beyond the Milan criteria:a retrospective,exploratory analysis[J]. Lancet Oncol,2009,10(1):35-43.

10 Zheng SS,Xu X,Wu J,et al. Liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma:Hangzhou experiences[J]. Transplantation,2008,85(12):1726-1732.

11 Lei JY, Wang WT, Yan LN. Hangzhou criteria for liver transplantation in hepatocellular carcinoma: a single-center experience[J]. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol,2014,26(2):200-204.

12 Audet M,Panaro F,Piardi T,et al. Are the Hangzhou criteria adaptable to hepatocellular carcinoma patients for liver transplantation in Western countries?[J]. Liver Transpl,2009,15(7):822-823.

13 Chen J,Xu X,Wu J,et al. The stratifying value of hangzhou criteria in liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma[J]. PLoS One,2014,9(3):e93128.

14 徐骁,杨家印,钟林,等. 肝癌肝移植“杭州标准”多中心应用研究——1163 例报道[J]. 中华器官移植杂志,2013,34(9):524-527.

15 郑树森,汪恺,徐骁,等. 肝移植治疗肝癌的受者选择杭州标准在亲属活体供肝移植中的应用价值[J]. 中华器官移植杂志,2011,32(6):330-333.

16 Hu ZH,Wang W,Li ZW,et al. Recipient outcomes of salvage liver transplantation versus primary liver transplantation:a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Liver Transpl,2012,18(11):1316-1323.

17 Clavien PA,Lesurtel M,Bossuyt PM,et al. Recommendations for liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma:an international consensus conference report[J]. Lancet Oncol,2012,13(1):e11-e22.

18 Olthoff KM,Merion RM,Ghobrial RM,et al. Outcomes of 385 adult-to-adult living donor liver transplant recipients:a report from the A2ALL Consortium[J]. Ann Surg,2005,242(3):314-323.

19 Galuppo R,McCall A,Gedaly R. The role of bridging therapy in hepatocellular carcinoma[J]. Int J Hepatol,2013:419302.

20 European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL-EORTC clinical practice guidelines:management of hepatocellular carcinoma[J]. J Hepatol,2012,56(4):908-943.

21 Washburn K,Edwards E,Harper A,et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma patients are advantaged in the current liver transplant allocation system[J]. Am J Transplant,2010,10(7):1643-1648.

22 Lewandowski RJ,Kulik LM,Riaz A,et al. A comparative analysis of transarterial downstaging for hepatocellular carcinoma:chemoembolization versus radioembolization[J]. Am J Transplant,2009,9(8):1920-1928.

23 Merani S,Majno P,Kneteman NM,et al. The impact of waiting list α-fetoprotein changes on the outcome of liver transplant for hepatocellular carcinoma[J]. J Hepatol,2011,55(4):814-819.

24 Mailey B,Artinyan A,Khalili J,et al. Evaluation of absolute serum α-fetoprotein levels in liver transplant for hepatocellular cancer[J].Arch Surg,2011,146(1):26-33.

25 Ravaioli M,Grazi GL,Piscaglia F,et al. Liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma:results of down-staging in patients initially outside the Milan selection criteria[J]. Am J Transplant,2008,8(12):2547-2557.

26 Yao FY,Kerlan RK Jr,Hirose R,et al. Excellent outcome following down-staging of hepatocellular carcinoma prior to liver transplantation:an intention-to-treat analysis[J]. Hepatology,2008,48(3):819-827.

27 Duvoux C, Roudot-Thoraval F, Decaens T, et al. Liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma:a model including αfetoprotein improves the performance of Milan criteria [J].Gastroenterology,2012,143(4):986-994.

28 Lai Q,Avolio AW,Graziadei I,et al. Alpha-fetoprotein and modified response evaluation criteria in solid tumors progression after locoregional therapy as predictors of hepatocellular cancer recurrence and death after transplantation[J]. Liver Transpl,2013,19(10):1108-1118.

29 Ashoori N,Bamberg F,Paprottka P,et al. Multimodality treatment for early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma:a bridging therapy for liver transplantation[J]. Digestion,2012,86(4):338-348.

30 Koda M,Nagahara T,Matono T,et al. Nucleotide analogs for patients with HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma increase the survival rate through improved liver function[J]. Inter Med,2009,48(1):11-17.

31 Wong JS,Wong GL,Tsoi KK,et al. Meta-analysis:the efficacy of anti-viral therapy in prevention of recurrence after curative treatment of chronic hepatitis B-related hepatocellular carcinoma[J]. Aliment Pharmacol Ther,2011,33(10):1104-1112.

32 Wu JC,Huang YH,Chau GY,et al. Risk factors for early and late recurrence in hepatitis B-related hepatocellular carcinoma[J]. J Hepatol,2009,51(5):890-897.

33 European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL clinical practice guidelines:Management of chronic hepatitis B virus infection[J]. J Hepatol,2012,57(1):167-185.

34 Chen CJ,Yang HI,Iloeje UH;REVEAL-HBV Study Group.Hepatitis B virus DNA levels and outcomes in chronic hepatitis B[J].Hepatology,2009,49(5 Suppl):S72-S84.

35 Lai CL, Yuen MF. Prevention of hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma with antiviral therapy[J]. Hepatology,2013,57(1):399-408.

36 Yin JH,Li N,Han YF,et al. Effect of antiviral treatment with nucleotide/nucleoside analogs on postoperative prognosis of hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma:a two-stage longitudinal clinical study[J]. J Clin Oncol,2013,31(29):3647-3655.

37 Huang G,Lai EC, Lau WY, et al. Posthepatectomy HBV reactivation in hepatitis B-related hepatocellular carcinoma influences postoperative survival in patients with preoperative low HBV-DNA levels[J]. Ann Surg,2013,257(3):490-505.

38 Hu TH,Chen CL,Lin CC,et al. Section 14. Combination of entecavir plus low-dose on-demand hepatitis B immunoglobulin is effective with very low hepatitis B recurrence after liver transplantation[J]. Transplantation,2014,97(Suppl 8):S53-S59.

39 Kim JM,Joh JW,Kim SJ,et al. Steroid withdrawal in adult liver transplantation:occurrence at a single center[J]. Transplant Proc,2010,42(10):4132-4136.

40 Sánchez-Fueyo A,Rimola A,Grande L,et al. Hepatitis B immunoglobulin discontinuation followed by hepatitis B virus vaccination:A new strategy in the prophylaxis of hepatitis B virus recurrence after liver transplantation[J]. Hepatology,2000,31(2):496-501.

41 Chung Mau Lo,Chi Leung Liu,See Ching Chan,et al. Failure of hepatitis B vaccination in patients receiving lamivudine prophylaxis after liver transplantation for chronic hepatitis B[J]. J Hepatol,2005,43(2):283-287.

42 Lo CM,Lau GK,Chan SC,et al. Efficacy of a pre-S containing vaccine in patients receiving lamivudine prophylaxis after liver transplantation for chronic hepatitis B[J]. Am J Transplant,2007,7(2):434-439.

43 Watt K,Veldt B,Charlton M. A practical guide to the management of HCV infection following liver transplantation [J]. Am J Transplant,2009,9(8):1707-1713.

44 Vivarelli M,Cucchetti A,La Barba G,et al. Liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma under calcineurin inhibitors:reassessment of risk factors for tumor recurrence[J]. Ann Surg,2008,248(5):857-862.

45 Chen K,Man K,Metselaar HJ,et al. Rationale of personalized immunosuppressive medication for hepatocellular carcinoma patients after liver transplantation[J]. Liver Transpl,2014,20(3):261-269.

46 Miyagi S,Kawagishi N,Sekiguchi S,et al. The relationship between recurrences and immunosuppression on living donor liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma[J]. Transplant Proc,2012,44(3):797-801.

47 Saigal S,Shah S. Liver transplantation-economics in the less developed world[J]. Indian J Gastroenterol,2012,31(1):13-14.

48 Foroncewicz B,Mucha K,Ryszkowska E,et al. Safety and efficacy of steroid-free immunosuppression with tacrolimus and daclizumab in liver transplant recipients:6-year follow-up in a single center[J].Transplant Proc,2009,41(8):3103-3106.

49 Vivarelli M,Cucchetti A,La Barba G,et al. Liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma under calcineurin inhibitors:reassessment of risk factors for tumor recurrence[J]. Ann Surg,2008,248(5):857-862.

50 Nair S,Eason J,Loss G. Sirolimus monotherapy in nephrotoxicity due to calcineurin inhibitors in liver transplant recipients[J]. Liver Transpl,2003,9(2):126-129.

51 Menon KV,Hakeem AR,Heaton ND. Meta-analysis:recurrence and survival following the use of sirolimus in liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma[J]. Aliment Pharmacol Ther,2013,37(4):411-419.

52 Liang W,Wang D,Ling X,et al. Sirolimus-based immunosuppression in liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma:a meta-analysis[J]. Liver Transpl,2012,18(1):62-69.

53 Soliman T,Hetz H,Burghuber C,et al. Short-term induction therapy with anti-thymocyte globulin and delayed use of calcineurin inhibitors in orthotopic liver transplantation[J]. Liver Transplant,2007,13(7):1039-1044.

54 Martin-Mateos RM,Graus J,Albillos A,et al. Initial immunosuppression with or without basiliximab:a comparative study[J].Transplant Proc,2012,44(9):2570-2572.

55 Pillai AA,Levitsky J. Overview of immunosuppression in liver transplantation[J]. World J Gastroenterol,2009,15(34):4225-4233.

56 Mazzaferro V,Llovet JM,Miceli R,et al. Predicting survival after liver transplantation in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma beyond the Milan criteria:a retrospective,exploratory analysis[J]. Lancet Oncol,2009,10(1):35-43.

57 Zimmerman MA,Ghobrial RM,Tong MJ,et al. Recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma following liver transplantation:a review of preoperative and postoperative prognostic indicators[J]. Arch Surg,2008,143(2):182-188.

58 Xu J,Shen ZY,Chen XG,et al. A randomized controlled trial of Licartin for preventing hepatoma recurrence after liver transplantation[J]. Hematology,2007,5(2):269-276.

59 Huang L,Li GM,Zhu JY,et al. Efficacy of sorafenib after liver transplantation in patients with primary hepatic carcinoma exceeding the Milan criteria:a preliminary study[J]. Onco Targets Ther,2012,5:457-462.

60 Zhang Q,Chen H,Li Q,et al. Combination adjuvant chemotherapy with oxaliplatin, 5-fluorouracil and leucovorin after liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma:a preliminary open-label study[J]. Invest New Drugs,2011,29(6):1360-1369.

61 张照辉,马力文,宋世兵,等. 肝癌肝移植术后辅助化疗的临床分析[J]. 中华肿瘤杂志,2005,27(1):45-47.

62 Waghray A,Balci B,El-Gazzaz G,et al. Safety and efficacy of sorafenib for the treatment of recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma after liver transplantation[J]. Clin transplant,2013,27(4):555-561.

63 Pfeiffenberger J,Koschny R,Hoffmann K,et al. Sorafenib treatment is save and may affect survival of recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma after liver transplantation[J]. Langenbecks Arch Surg,2013,398(8):1123-1128.

64 Sposito C,Mariani L,Germini A,et al. Comparative efficacy of sorafenib versus best supportive care in recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma after liver transplantation:a case-control study[J]. J Hepatol,2013,59(1):59-66.

65 Hwang S,Kim YH,Kim DK,et al. Resection of pulmonary metastases from hepatocellular carcinoma following liver transplantation[J]. World J Surg,2012,36(7):1592-1602.

66 Taketomi A,Fukuhara T,Morita K,et al. Improved results of a surgical resection for the recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after living donor liver transplantation[J]. Ann Surg Oncol,2010,17(9):2283-2289.

67 Ko HK,Ko GY,Yoon HK,et al. Tumor response to transcatheter arterial chemoembolization in recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma after living donor liver transplantation[J]. Korean J Radiol,2007,8(4):320-327.

68 Ho CK,Chapman WC,Brown DB. Radiofrequency ablation of recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma in a patient after liver transplantation:two-year follow-up[J]. J Vasc Interv Radiol,2007,18(11):1451-1453.

猜你喜欢
受者移植术肝移植
加速康复外科促进胃肠道功能恢复在肝移植术后早期的临床应用
让活体肝移植研究走上世界前沿
不停跳冠状动脉旁路移植术治疗非ST段抬高型心肌梗死效果分析
影响移植受者生存质量的相关护理因素及对策
肾移植受者接受护理诊断与干预的回顾性研究
肝移植受者术后生存质量影响因素分析
冠状动脉旁路移植术后早期心脏康复对预后的影响
髓芯减压术自体髂骨移植术与骨髓间充质干细胞移植术联合治疗战创伤致早期成人股骨头坏死
精密吻合移植术在眉毛自体毛发移植中的应用
肝移植术前使用索拉非尼与术后并发症增加无关