实时三维超声及二维斑点追踪技术对拟诊冠心病患者局部室壁运动的评价

2014-07-05 16:39周长钰
天津医药 2014年12期
关键词:心尖基底节段

田 园 王 伟 周长钰

实时三维超声及二维斑点追踪技术对拟诊冠心病患者局部室壁运动的评价

田 园 王 伟 周长钰△

目的 探讨实时三维超声(RT-3DE)及二维斑点追踪成像(2D-STI)技术检测拟诊冠心病患者局部室壁运动功能的临床应用价值。方法选取临床拟诊为冠心病、二维超声示室壁运动正常的住院患者143例,根据冠脉造影左冠状动脉主干(LM)和(或)左前降支(LAD)和(或)左回旋支(LCX)病变结果分为狭窄≥75%组(A组)73例和狭窄<75%组(B组)70例。应用RT-3DE及2D-STI分别检测并比较2组患者左室节段射血分数(sEF)和收缩期纵向峰值应变(SL),利用ROC曲线比较2种技术诊断冠心病的曲线下面积。结果(1)A组病变冠脉所支配室壁的sEF及SL均较B组减小(P<0.05);(2)节段平均sEF与节段平均SL呈正相关(r=0.689,P<0.05);(3)两项指标均显示异常的左冠供血各节段sEF对诊断供血冠脉狭窄≥75%的曲线下面积大于SL(最大曲线下面积分别为0.922和0.874)。结论RT-3DE及2D-STI均可评估冠心病患者的心肌局部运动状况,进而推测冠脉病变程度,但RT-3DE指标可能更优于2D-STI。

冠心病;实时三维超声;二维斑点追踪技术;局部室壁运动

冠心病(coronary heart disease,CHD)严重威胁着人类的健康和生命。但是目前临床大部分以胸痛症状就诊的患者,常无明显的冠心病的客观证据。有研究表明对缺血性心脏病患者通过局部室壁运动检测左室收缩功能障碍的敏感性高于整体心功能的分析[1]。鉴于冠状动脉造影与冠脉CT尚不能作为疑诊冠心病的常规检查,且传统超声心动图评价局部室壁运动亦存在各种局限性[2-3],本研究利用实时三维超声(real-time three-dimensional echocardiography,RT-3DE)及二维斑点追踪成像(two-dimensional speckle tracking imaging,2D-STI)技术检测拟诊冠心病患者的局部室壁运动,探讨其推测冠脉病变程度的临床应用价值。

1 对象与方法

1.1 研究对象 选取2012年4月—2013年2月我院心内科临床拟诊为冠心病,心电图大致正常、常规超声检测未见异常、冠状动脉造影显示以左冠状动脉主干(LM)和(或)左前降支(LAD)和(或)左回旋支(LCX)病变的住院患者143例,男83例,女60例,年龄40~81岁,平均(63.83±13.11)岁。以冠脉狭窄程度为标准分为狭窄≥75%(A)组73例及狭窄<75%(B)组70例。排除先心病、瓣膜病、心律失常、心肌梗死、心力衰竭、心肌病等器质性心脏病;排除肝肾功能不全、慢性阻塞性肺疾病、免疫系统疾病、肿瘤等影响心内结构及功能的疾病;剔除超声成像质量差者。

1.2 方法

1.2.1 资料收集 记录入选者年龄、身高、体质量、高血压病史、糖尿病史、烟酒史等一般情况,计算体质量指数(BMI),记录行心脏超声检查时的心率(HR)。

1.2.2 心脏超声检查 (1)仪器设备。Philips iE33型实时三维心脏超声诊断仪。X5-1探头,探头频率1.0~5.0 MHz,配有QLAB CMQ及3DQ软件程序的超声工作站。(2)图像采集。受检者左侧卧位或平卧位,同步记录胸导联心电图。常规超声检查后于心尖四腔切面得到理想图像,嘱患者屏气,启动“Full Volume”显像模式,采集连续4个心动周期全容积三维数据,存储于光盘。(3)图像脱机分析。进入QLAB 3DQ Advanced定量分析软件程序,于舒张末期和收缩末期,在心尖四腔和两腔观上选定相应取样点,软件自动勾画出三维心内膜轮廓,见图1A。然后进行序列分析,得出整体和17节段容积-时间曲线(volume-time curve,VTC),见图1B。将VTCs转化为数据得到节段舒张末容积(sEDV)及节段收缩末容积(sESV),利用公式计算左室节段射血分数(sEF)= (sEDV-sESV)/sEDV×100%。进入QLAB工作站CMQ Ad模式,选择心尖四腔切面,AP4模式,点击二尖瓣前后叶瓣环及心尖处的心内膜面3点,三腔切面及二腔切面分别选择AP3、AP2模式。运行程序后软件自动逐帧追踪感兴趣区内的心肌运动,测量各节段收缩期纵向峰值应变(SL)。

1.3 统计学方法 采用SPSS 17.0统计软件进行统计分析。符合正态分布的计量资料采用均数±标准差(±s)表示,两组间采用独立样本t检验比较;计数资料用率表示,组间比较采用卡方检验;两变量之间的相关性用Pearson相关分析,对部分变量行ROC曲线分析。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

Fig.1 Image and results of RT-3DE图1 实时三维超声切面及生成图像

2 结果

2.1 基本情况比较 A组年龄、BMI小于B组,2组心率、性别、高血压病、糖尿病、吸烟、饮酒史等差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),见表1。

Tab.1 Comparison of basic data between two groups表1 2组基本情况比较

2.2 常规超声心脏结构与功能比较 2组常规超声测值右室舒张末内径(RVED)、左房内径(LAD)、左室舒张末内径(LVED)、室间隔厚度(IVS)、左室后壁厚度(LVPW)及二尖瓣舒张期血流E/A、左室射血分数(LVEF)差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),见表2。

Tab.2 Comparison of conventional ultrasound measurements between two groups表2 2组常规超声指标比较 (±s)

Tab.2 Comparison of conventional ultrasound measurements between two groups表2 2组常规超声指标比较 (±s)

均P>0.05

组别A组B组t n 73 70 RVED (mm) 21.8±2.21 20.7±2.56 0.330 LAD (mm) 33.1±3.76 30.2±2.16 0.530 LVED (mm) 45.86±2.21 42.31±2.21 0.612 IVS (mm) 9.06±2.26 9.45±2.36 0.102组别A组B组t n 73 70 LVPW(mm) 8.99±3.01 8.21±2.85 0.256 E/A 0.71±0.31 0.81±0.32 0.311 LVEF 0.60±0.05 0.62±0.05 1.120

2.3 RT-3DE局部室壁运动参数分析 见表3。A组前壁、前间隔的基底段、中间段、心尖段,侧壁的中间段、心尖段及后间隔的中间段sEF较B组明显减小(P<0.01),2组后壁的基底段、中间段,侧壁的基底段,下壁的基底段、中间段、心尖段及后间隔的基底段差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。

2.4 2D-STI节段SL分析 A组前壁、前间隔和侧壁的基底段、中间段、心尖段,后间隔的中间段SL较B组减小(P<0.05),2组后壁的基底段、中间段,下壁的基底段、中间段、心尖段及后间隔的基底段差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),见表4。

2.5 RT-3DE与2D-STI技术指标相关性及对冠心病诊断价值比较 (1)2组左室心肌16节段平均sEF 与16节段平均SL呈正相关(r=0.689,P<0.05)。(2)分别以RT-3DE及2D-STI均检测出异常的左冠脉支配的左室各节段sEF及SL为检验变量,以LM和(或)LAD和(或)LCX狭窄≥75%为状态变量进行ROC曲线分析,结果显示各节段sEF对诊断相应冠脉狭窄≥75%的曲线下面积大于SL,以前间隔心尖段诊断价值最高(曲线下面积分别为0.922及0.874),见图2。

3 讨论

3.1 超声评价心脏局部功能 冠状动脉狭窄程度是决定治疗方案并影响患者预后的重要因素。有研究表明,冠状动脉闭塞数秒内即可引起相应供血区域心肌在超声显像上的运动异常[4],该表现早于临床症状的出现和心电图的改变,这使得室壁运动异常成为评价心肌缺血,继而推测冠脉早期病变的敏感指标。冠脉病变所致心脏局部功能损害常发生于整体功能异常之前,因此心脏局部容积和功能评价对冠心病的早期诊疗更为重要。常规超声检查如M型超声、二维超声、组织多普勒(TDI)等在评价局部室壁运动时存在主观性、角度依赖性及灵敏度低等局限[2-3],故其评价冠脉病变程度的价值有限。RT-3DE及2D-STI克服了传统超声的限制,可客观、定量检测局部室壁运动,使评估冠脉病变程度成为可能。

Tab.3 Comparison of sEF between two groups表3 2组16节段sEF比较 (±s)

Tab.3 Comparison of sEF between two groups表3 2组16节段sEF比较 (±s)

**P<0.01

组别A组B组t n 前壁 前间隔73 70基底段0.511±0.089 0.612±0.083 6.909**中间段0.503±0.149 0.672±0.049 8.008**心尖段0.484±0.078 0.692±0.064 14.249**基底段0.484±0.081 0.615±0.060 9.339**中间段0.526±0.073 0.678±0.089 9.760**心尖段0.513±0.092 0.693±0.087 9.926**后壁基底段0.637±0.114 0.604±0.085 1.615中间段0.680±0.082 0.668±0.071 0.764组别A组B组t n 侧壁 下壁73 70基底段0.594±0.095 0.614±0.093 1.362中间段0.581±0.078 0.662±0.124 8.988**心尖段0.565±0.072 0.694±0.123 9.012**基底段0.635±0.081 0.605±0.093 0.856中间段0.690±0.087 0.681±0.106 1.310心尖段0.701±0.115 0.714±0.123 0.623后间隔基底段0.606±0.087 0.579±0.088 1.546中间段0.587±0.121 0.700±0.071 5.486**

Tab.4 Comparison of SLbetween two groups表4 2组各节段SL比较 (%,±s)

Tab.4 Comparison of SLbetween two groups表4 2组各节段SL比较 (%,±s)

*P<0.05,**P<0.01

组别A组B组t n 前壁 前间隔73 70基底段10.20±1.77 13.88±1.91 9.883**中间段15.55±1.95 19.12±1.59 9.792**心尖段18.44±1.50 23.33±1.75 15.018**基底段12.62±2.09 14.41±2.07 3.889*中间段16.14±1.86 18.93±1.69 7.730**心尖段18.80±1.38 22.70±1.64 12.830**后壁基底段13.65±7.14 13.79±1.99 0.323中间段18.07±1.98 18.56±2.32 1.118组别A组B组t n 侧壁 下壁73 70基底段14.23±3.44 15.13±2.81 2.006*中间段17.46±1.70 18.89±2.24 2.132*心尖段18.72±1.41 22.79±1.59 13.528**基底段13.48±2.25 14.03±1.98 1.284中间段19.08±1.78 18.42±2.31 1.604心尖段20.67±2.10 22.48±1.33 1.715后间隔基底段12.72±2.64 12.91±1.32 0.609中间段17.18±1.21 19.56±1.69 2.309*

3.2 RT-3DE评价局部室壁运动 模型实验证实RT-3DE通过计算sEF可定量评估左心局部功能,具有快速、准确及全自动性[5-6],与心脏磁共振(Cardiac magnetic resonance,CMR)这一参考技术相比,在局部心功能方面RT-3DE较2D准确性更高,重复性更好[7]。本研究应用RT-3DE处理软件,通过17节段VTCs,导出左室各节段容积,并计算出sEF 值[8]。结果显示A组狭窄冠脉所供血室壁的sEF明显下降,表明RT-3DE在静息状态下即能观察到冠状动脉局部狭窄≥75%引起的相应供血区域室壁运动异常(regional wall motion abnormality,RWMA),与国内外学者的研究结果一致[9-10],这是由于心肌缺血后,细胞代谢障碍引起相应心肌节段的收缩力下降、容积扩大及局部功能下降所致。因而根据sEF下降的心肌节段可推测出其供血的冠脉发生病变,以冠脉狭窄程度达75%为界,不同程度的冠脉狭窄sEF可有显著差异。鉴于目前尚无正常心肌节段的sEF值可供借鉴,确定冠脉有意义的确切sEF值尚待进一步研究确定。

3.3 2D-STI评价局部室壁运动 2D-STI是在应变及应变率显像基础上发展而来的一种新技术,可在连续帧中追踪每个斑点并计算出其运动轨迹,从而定量显示组织运动速度、应变及应变率[11]。研究表明,STI能很好地反映局部心肌的收缩功能,尤以纵向应变指标评价局部心肌运动最为敏感,同时应变也是预测心功能改善与否的敏感指标[12-14]。本研究发现冠脉狭窄≥75%组狭窄冠脉支配下部分节段的SL相对冠脉狭窄<75%组减小,表明2D-STI技术能较好定位心肌缺血患者的异常心肌节段,亦能显示无明显室壁运动异常心肌缺血患者局部心肌收缩功能降低。

3.4 RT-3DE与2D-STI的比较 本研究利用RT-3DE及2D-STI检测常规二维超声未见明显室壁运动异常拟诊冠心病患者局部室壁运动情况,两种技术指标节段平均sEF与节段平均SL呈正相关。ROC曲线分析显示左冠脉供血的各节段sEF对诊断冠脉狭窄≥75%的曲线下面积大于SL,提示对于评估冠脉病变程度,RT-3DE的临床应用价值可能更高。

本研究的局限性:(1)仅选取了左主干和(或)前降支和(或)回旋支病变患者作为入选对象,可能会造成以偏概全。(2)由于RT-3DE及2D-STI对图像质量要求较严格,因成像质量欠佳或追踪不完整而剔除33例,完成率为78.8%,可能对结果有所影响。(3)样本量较小,可能导致部分统计分析结果未能得出有意义的结论。

Fig.2 Comparison of sEF and SL in envaluation of coronary stenosis between two groups图2 sEF及SL指标对冠脉狭窄诊断价值比较

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(2014-05-04收稿 2014-08-05修回)

(本文编辑 李鹏)

Evaluation of Regional Wall Motion in Patients with Suspected Coronary Artery Disease by Real-Time Three-Dimensional Echocardiography and Two-Dimensional Speckle Tracking Imaging

TIAN Yuan,WANG Wei,ZHOU Changyu△
Department of Cardiology,the Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University,Tianjin 300211,China△

E-mail:zhouchangyu_tj@126.com

ObjectiveTo evaluate the clinical value of the regional wall motion in patients with suspected coronary artery disease by real-time three-dimensional echocardiography(RT-3DE)and two-dimensional speckle tracking imaging (2D-STI).MethodsA total of 143 hospitaized patients with suspected coronary artery disease and normal wall motion detected by two-dimensional echocardiography(2DE)were enrolled and devided into group A(coronary stenosis≥75%)73 cases and group B(coronary stenosis<75%)that include 70 cases according to coronary angiography results.Left ventricular segmental ejection fraction(sEF)was measured by RT-3DE and peak systolic longitudial strain(SL)was measured by 2DSTI.ROC curves of the two measurements were generated and compared.Differences in sEF and SLbetween group A and group B were respectively analyzed.Results(1)Both sEF of RT-3DE and SLof 2D-STI in group A were significantly lower than those in group B(P<0.05);(2)sEF was positively correlated with SL(r=0.689,P<0.05);(3)Compared with SL,sEF had larger area under ROC curve in some segments of left ventricle where both parameters are abnormal for the diagnosis of the coronary stenosis≥75%(0.922 vs 0.874).ConclusionRegional wall motion of left ventricular can be measured by both RT-3DE and 2D-STI which can be both used to estimate the extend of stenosis of coronary artery.And RT-3DE is superior over 2D-STI.

coronary disease;three-dimensional echocardiography;speckle tracking echocardiography;regional wall motion abnormalities

R445.1,R541.4

A

10.3969/j.issn.0253-9896.2014.12.022

天津医科大学第二医院心脏科(邮编300211)△

E-mail:zhouchangyu_tj@126.com

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