依托教材文本，培养学生写作能力

徐瑶华

写作教学一直以来是高中英语教学的重点和难点。然而，在实际英语教学中，作为听、说、读、写四项基本技能之一的写作往往因为教学时间紧而没有得到应有的重视。而且，《普通高中英语课程标准》中八级的写作要求为学生能写出连贯且结构完整的短文，叙述事情或表达观点和态度；能根据课文写摘要；能在写作中做到文本规范、语句通顺；能根据用图表和文字提供的信息写短文或报告。要达到这一目标，教师在日常的写作教学中要努力創建让学生感兴趣、高效率的英语写作教学活动。笔者在高一和高二教学期间，基本上每单元开设一堂写作课，依托教材文本，采用仿写、缩写、改写等教学活动，收到了良好的教学效果，有效地提高了学生的写作能力。

一、教学实践活动

人教版教材的课文体裁丰富，有日记、书信、游记、记叙文、说明文、议论文、人物传记等。这些课文都是学生写作素材的来源和范本，教师对有些文本还可以做二次开发，为学生提供适当文本作为蓝本进行写作教学活动。学生对文本中用词的意识有助于他们对文本的理解和创作。

案例1：利用Using Language部分的阅读文本进行仿写

人教版教材NSEFC Book 5 Unit 2 the United Kingdom 中Using Language部分

Sightseeing in London是一篇很好的游记仿写文本。教师主要帮助学生学习文本的框架结构和学生可模仿使用的重要句型，在解读文本的基础上，让学生进行仿写创作。

Sightseeing in London文本的框架：

paragraph 1：plan for the visit

paragraph 2：first-day visit

paragraph 3：second-day visit

Paragraph 4：last-day visit

Paragraph 5：plan for the next day

重要句型：

1.Worried about the time available，she had made a list of sites she wanted to visit in London.

2.Her first delight was going to the tower.

3.The tower had remained standing for one thousand years.

4.It contained statues in memory of famous poets and writers.

5.What interested her most was the longitude line.

然后教师给出以下写作提示，要求学生仿写一篇游记，学生在创作中要用上以上几个句型。

Title：Sightseeing in______

Paragraph 1：plan for the visit

Paragraph 2：first-day visit

Paragraph 3：second-day visit

Paragraph 4：conclusion

以下是一学生的仿写作文：

Sightseeing in Xiamen

I was so fortunate to have a chance to pay a visit to Xiamen last summer. Worried about the time available， I had made a list of the sites I wanted to see.

My first delight was going to Xiamen University， which is so famous that a large number of high school students are eager to be admitted to it. It contained some statues of famous poets and writers， like Lu Xun.

The second day I visited Gu Lang Yu， which is an attractive island beside the sea. We arrived there by taking a cruise. What interested me most was the Shu Zhuang Garden. It has some museums where some ancient pianos and old Chinese pots are displayed.

Xiamen is a beautiful city. It is worth visiting.

案例2：对Using Language部分的阅读文本以导游的身份进行改写和缩写

人教版教材NSEFC Book 4 Unit 5 Theme Parks中Using Language部分Futuroscope ——Excitement and Learning 观测未来——刺激与求知描写的是在法国未来影视城主题公园观测未来，体验和学习的经历。文章由三个部分组成，第一部分是简单介绍，第二部分是在主题公园的活动，第三部分是如何去主题公园。教师在帮助学生了解文章背景知识，理解课文之后要求学生以主题公园导游的身份进行介绍。写作提示如下：

Title： Futuroscope——Excitement and Learning

Paragraph 1： opening speech

Paragraph 2： attractions in the park

Paragraph 3： how to come here

Paragraph 4： ending speech

以下是一學生对教材文本进行改写和缩写后的作文；

Futuroscope——Excitement and Learning

Welcome to Futuroscope opened in 1987.Its science and technology-based， which attracts many visitors from all over the world.

The most attractive 3-D cinemas provide brand new experiences of earth and beyond. As a result， visitors can get close to parts of the world they have never experienced， going to the bottom of the ocean， flying through the jungle or visiting the edges of the solar system. Besides，at learning centre， we can try our own scientific experiments as well as learn more about space travel， the undersea world and much more.

You can get tickets by booking online in advance or at the parks entrance. Futuroscope has many excellent hotels nearby， most of which provide a shuttle service to the park. If you come ready to walk a lot， youd better wear your comfortable shoes.

Its really worthwhile to visit the park. I hope youll have a nice day here！

二、学生互评和自评量表

学生在课堂上基本完成写作任务后，教师发给学生一份互评和自评量表，以促进学生自己检查和修改，最后交给老师批阅。

自评和互评量表分为三个部分：语言、句法和篇章。语言包括词汇运用是否准确、丰富；时态语态运用是否得当；单词拼写、大小写使用是否正确；字迹工整，标点规范。句法包括能运用多种句型表达，且结构完整，固定搭配使用准确。篇章包括符合题意，覆盖全部要点；结构合理，细节详略得当；使用了关联词，使行文连贯流畅；观点鲜明，论据论证有力。

总之，写作教学方法多种多样，只要我们充分挖掘和利用教材中有效的各种体裁的文本，坚持不懈地定期给学生进行写作指导和训练。通过合作讨论建立支架等方式一定能激发学生写作兴趣，帮助学生巩固语言知识、积累写作素材、发展学生思维能力，训练学生知识迁移能力，循序渐进地提高学生英语写作技能。

参考文献：

[1]Latham，D.How Children Learn to write：Supporting and Deve-loping Childrens Writing in Schools.Oxford：Pergamon，2002.

[2]Peter Mickan.2012.Text-Based Teaching：Theory and Practice [J/OL]，2012.

（作者单位 浙江师范大学附属中学）

？誗编辑 蔚建超