陈为+曾忠友
[摘要] 目的 比较后路椎弓根钉不同节段固定术式对重度胸腰段脊柱骨折疗效的影响。 方法 选择2009年1月~2012年12月浙江省永康市第一人民医院与武警浙江总队医院96例重度胸腰段脊柱骨折患者,分别采用短节段固定(A组,59例)、长节段固定(B组,23例)、经伤椎短节段固定(C组,14例)三种术式,术后均随访半年以上,比较三组手术情况、伤椎前缘压缩比、Cobb角以及Oswestry评分。 结果 三组手术时间比较,A组
[关键词] 重度胸腰段脊柱骨折;长节段;短节段;内固定
[中图分类号] R683 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1673-7210(2014)02(c)-0041-03
Comparison of clinical effect of pedicle fixation in different segments for severe thoracolumbar spine fractures
CHEN Wei1 ZENG Zhongyou2
1.The First People's Hospital of Yongkang City, Zhejiang Province, Yongkang 321300, China; 2.Armed Police Corps Hospital in Zhejiang Province, Jiaxing 314000, China
[Abstract] Objective To compare the clinical effect of pedicle fixation in different segments for treatment of serious thoracolumbar spine fracture. Methods 96 patients in the First People's Hospital of Yongkang City and Armed Police Corps Hospital in Zhejiang Province from January 2009 to December 2012 were selected. 59 cases with short segment fixation were divided into group A, 23 cases with long segment fixation were divided into group B, and 14 cases with short segment fixation at the level of the fracture were divided into group C. All patients were followed up for 6 months, the operation situation, injured vertebral frontal compression ratio, Cobb angle and Oswestry function scores were compared. Results The operating time comparison, group A < group C < group B, there were significant differences (P < 0.05); blood loss comparison, group A < group C< group B , there were significant differences (P < 0.05). The injured vertebral frontal compression ratio of group B and group C were better than group A (P < 0.01), the Cobb angle of group B and group C were better than group A (P < 0.05), but the injured vertebral frontal compression ratio and Cobb angle between group B and group C had no statistically significant difference (P > 0.05). 6 months after operation, the Oswestry function score among the three groups had no statistically significant differece (P > 0.05) Conclusion Short segment fixation is simple and easy in operation, has less blood loss; long segment fixation and short segment fixation at the level of the fracture are superior to keep the vertebral body height and restoration. There is no difference in neural function recovery among these three groups.
[Key words] Serious thoracolumbar fracture; Long segment; Short segment; Internal fixation
多数脊柱胸腰段骨折是由暴力的冲击作用所致,常出现椎管对位破坏、移位,同时伴有神经组织的损伤[1-2]。严重的胸腰段脊柱骨折由于损伤机制复杂,常需进行手术治疗,以便尽可能对骨折部位进行复位、固定,恢复脊椎的解剖结构及稳定性,解除脊髓神经组织所受的压迫,保护和恢复残余的脊髓功能。目前,治疗重度胸腰脊柱骨折的椎弓根钉技术已相当成熟,发展出多种内固定方法,不同术式的选择与骨折部位的稳定、畸形程度以及累及椎管的情况有关,但也存在相互交叉的适应证。对于不同节段内固定的疗效,学界一直存在争议。本研究考察了浙江省永康市第一人民医院与武警浙江总队医院胸腰段脊柱骨折患者96例,现报道如下:
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料
选取2009年1月~2012年12月浙江省永康市第一人民医院与武警浙江总队医院重度胸腰段脊柱骨折患者96例,将其分为三组。A组共59例,男36例,女23例;年龄20~57岁,平均(42.3±7.3)岁;部位:T10 13例,T12 17例,L1 28例,L3 2例;脊髓神经功能Frankel分级:Ⅰ级7例,Ⅱ级6例,Ⅲ级12例,Ⅳ级21例,Ⅴ级13例。B组共23例,男19例,女4例;年龄23~56岁,平均(43.2±5.7)岁;部位:T10 5例,T12 7例,L1 11例;Frankel 分级:Ⅰ级5例,Ⅱ级6例,Ⅲ级8例,Ⅳ级4例。C组共14例,男8例,女6例;年龄21~58岁,平均(41.4±7.8)岁;部位:T12 6例,L1 8例;Frankel 分级:Ⅰ级4例,Ⅲ级5例,Ⅳ级5例。三组一般资料比较差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05),具有可比性。
1.2 手术方法
三组均采用常规后路手术。患者采取俯卧位,以患椎为中心,做大小合适的后正中切口,逐层切开,充分显露椎板,在X线引导下,患椎定位后,置入定位针,待透视定位准确后,置入椎弓根钉,随后进行椎管减压,探查硬脊膜和神经根,彻底解除压迫,然后进行脊柱序列的重建,撑开复位。术后留置负压引流,逐层关闭。A组(短节段固定组):以受伤椎体为中心,确定其上下各一个节段椎弓根钉固定。B组(长节段固定组):伤椎上下6~8组椎弓根钉固定。C组(经伤椎短节段固定组):在短节段固定的基础上利用短钉固定伤椎,并进行椎体内植骨。
1.3 观察指标
所有患者记录手术指标,术后随访半年以上;在术前、术后1 d、术后2周以及术后6个月均行X线、CT及MRI检查,观察椎体复位、植骨融合情况,检查是否发生内固定松动或断钉,比较:①手术时间、出血量;②伤椎前缘压缩比、Cobb角;③Oswestry神经功能障碍评分:包括疼痛、单项功能、综合功能3个方面,0~5分表示从无障碍到最严重障碍,满分为45 分,最后评分=量表实际得分/45×100%。
1.4 统计学方法
使用SPSS 19.0统计学软件进行数据分析,计量资料数据用均数±标准差(x±s)表示,多组间比较采用单因素方差分析,组间两两比较采用LSD-t检验,以P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 三组手术指标比较
三组手术时间比较,A组 表1 三组胸腰段脊柱骨折手术时间、术中出血量比较(x±s) 注:与A组比较,aP < 0.05;aaP < 0.01;与B组比较,bP < 0.05;bbP < 0.01 2.2 三组伤椎前缘压缩比和Cobb角比较 B组、C组术后伤椎前缘压缩比优于A组(P < 0.01),B组、C组术后Cobb角恢复优于A组(P < 0.05),但B组、C组间差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。见表2、3。 表2 三组患者手术前后伤椎前缘压缩比比较(%,x±s) 注:与A组比较,aaP < 0.01 表3 三组患者手术前后矢状面Cobb角比较(°,x±s) 注:与A组比较,aP < 0.05 2.3 三组Oswestry功能障碍指数比较 所有患者最后均取出内固定,其中除A组出现1例失效,其余均恢复良好,无内固定松动、断裂或受伤椎体高度降低。术后6个月三组Oswestry功能评分比较,差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。见表4。 表4 三组术后6个月Oswestry功能障碍比较(分,x±s) 3 讨论 治疗胸腰段骨折的关键是重建稳定无痛的脊柱,提供有利于受伤组织愈合的内环境,加快神经功能和运动功能的恢复。目前对于不同固定节段的疗效,研究结论还存在分歧。后路短节段椎弓根内固定手术简便,疗效良好,但考察长期效应的研究指出,短节段固定容易发生内固定松动、断裂等并发症,从长期来看,部分短节段固定患者术后恢复的椎体高度会逐渐丢失,重新发生后凸畸形,严重者还发作迟发性神经功能损伤,而长节段固定影像学疗效和患者满意度更佳[3-4]。也有研究者提出,经伤椎的三节段固定与长节段固定疗效相当甚至更好[5];该方法能够恢复椎体高度,防止后凸畸形,在重建脊柱稳定性的同时保留运动节段,而且较少发生并发症[6-7]。 本研究发现,对于手术操作的简便性而言,短节段固定具有明显优势,其手术时间最短,出血量最少;而长节段固定、经伤椎短节段固定在恢复脊柱高度和良好复位方面更具优势,与上述研究结论基本一致。由于长节段固定增加更多固定螺钉,因而避免应力集中,降低了内固定物松动、断裂的风险。经伤椎固定增加了附加在伤椎上的螺钉,有利于保持伤椎椎弓根与关节突和横突的连接,加强内固定系统的强度,并且将伤椎的受力分散到相邻的椎体结构上,避免应力过度集中;同样能避免有效断钉及椎体高度丢失[8]。另外,经伤椎短节段内固定仅仅提供骨伤愈合早期的稳定性。脊柱要恢复长期的稳定性,还必须建立椎体自身的生物力学稳定,即骨性稳定[9]。因此,采用经伤椎短节段内固定术式,必须同时联合进行植骨。应用经椎管椎体内植骨的方式,由于能够植入大量松质骨,可以有效填充伤椎撑开后椎形成的骨缺损的空隙,从而使以后的愈合更加接近骨性愈合,能防止移除内固定后继发性的椎体高度丢失[10-11]。老年患者可能存在骨质疏松问题,因此植骨更为重要[12-13]。
综上所述,三组的手术时间及术中出血量比较,短节段组有较突出优势;B组和C组则在恢复椎体高度及矫正Cobb角方面明显优于短节段组,说明三种术式各有优劣之处。临床中如何选择短节段、长节段及经伤椎短节段固定,本研究认为首先应考虑短节段固定,以免增加手术创伤和降低脊柱活动度;对于骨折大于2°的矢状位移位性骨折,经检查如果纵韧带完整,可以选用经伤椎短节段固定,但必须同时进行损伤节段的植骨,以分散载荷力及增强前柱的稳定性,这一点至关重要;对于爆裂性骨折,特别是伴有旋转或侧方移位的患者,则应采用多节段固定的方法。另外,本研究中发现,术后半年三组的神经功能恢复程度没有差异,至于是否会出现迟发性神经功能损伤,还需要以后进一步研究。
[参考文献]
[1] 黄象望.经伤椎置钉短节段椎弓根钉内固定治疗胸腰段脊柱骨折脱位[J].中国骨与关节损伤杂志,2010,25(3):233-234.
[2] 刘阳,郑文奎,井万里.伤椎置钉单节段固定植骨融合治疗胸腰段脊柱骨折[J].中国医药导报,2013,10(11):58-60.
[3] Heo DH,Chin DK,Yoon YS,et al. Recollapse of previous vertebral compression fracture after percutaneous vertebroplasty [J]. Osteoporos Int,2009,20(3):473-480.
[4] Sapkas G,Kateros K,Papadakis SA,et al. Treatment of unstable thoracolumbar burst fractures by indirect reduction and posterior stabilization:short-segment versus long-segment stabilization [J]. The Open Orthopaedics Journal,2010,4:7-13.
[5] Kim HS,Lee SY,Nanda A,et al. Comparison of surgical outcomes in thoracolumbar fractures operated with posterior constructs having varying fixation length with selective anterior fusion [J]. Yonsei Med J,2009,50(4):546-554.
[6] Modi H,Chung K,Seo I,et al. Two levels above and one level below pedicle screw fixation for the treatment of unstable thoracolumbar fracture with partial or intact neurology [J]. Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research,2009,4(28):1-6.
[7] Gelb D,Ludwig S,Karp JE,et al. Successful treatment of thoracolumbar fractures with short- segment pedicle instrumentation [J]. J Spinal Disord Tech,2010,5:293-301.
[8] 迟晓飞,姜泳,赵钢.胸腰椎爆裂骨折三种后路术式的临床疗效[J].中国医药导报,2011,8(1):40-41.
[9] 关玉成,贾勇,腾勇,等.PLIG 技术在治疗中老年多节段腰椎不稳中的临床应用[J].西北国防医学杂志,2008,29(6) :422-424.
[10] Wang JG. Treatment of thoracolumbar vertebrate fracture by transpedicular morselized bone grafting in vertebrae for spinal fusion and pedicle screw fixation [J]. Journal of Huazhong University of Science and Technology-Medical Sciences,2008,28(3):322-326.
[11] Van HB,Leirs G,Van LJ. Transpedicular bone grafting as supplement to posterior predical screw instrumentation in tharamlunnlbar burst fracture [J]. Acta Orthop Belg,2009,75(6):815.
[12] 苏志勇,杜岩松.股骨近端空心锁定板治疗股骨颈骨折临床分析[J].临床误诊误治,2013,26(2):99-101.
[13] 杨春,朱裕成 王冰,等.相邻双椎联合固定结合伤椎植骨治疗骨质疏松性胸腰椎骨折[J].中国骨与关节损伤杂志,2011,26(11):1012-1013.
(收稿日期:2013-10-28 本文编辑:程 铭)
综上所述,三组的手术时间及术中出血量比较,短节段组有较突出优势;B组和C组则在恢复椎体高度及矫正Cobb角方面明显优于短节段组,说明三种术式各有优劣之处。临床中如何选择短节段、长节段及经伤椎短节段固定,本研究认为首先应考虑短节段固定,以免增加手术创伤和降低脊柱活动度;对于骨折大于2°的矢状位移位性骨折,经检查如果纵韧带完整,可以选用经伤椎短节段固定,但必须同时进行损伤节段的植骨,以分散载荷力及增强前柱的稳定性,这一点至关重要;对于爆裂性骨折,特别是伴有旋转或侧方移位的患者,则应采用多节段固定的方法。另外,本研究中发现,术后半年三组的神经功能恢复程度没有差异,至于是否会出现迟发性神经功能损伤,还需要以后进一步研究。
[参考文献]
[1] 黄象望.经伤椎置钉短节段椎弓根钉内固定治疗胸腰段脊柱骨折脱位[J].中国骨与关节损伤杂志,2010,25(3):233-234.
[2] 刘阳,郑文奎,井万里.伤椎置钉单节段固定植骨融合治疗胸腰段脊柱骨折[J].中国医药导报,2013,10(11):58-60.
[3] Heo DH,Chin DK,Yoon YS,et al. Recollapse of previous vertebral compression fracture after percutaneous vertebroplasty [J]. Osteoporos Int,2009,20(3):473-480.
[4] Sapkas G,Kateros K,Papadakis SA,et al. Treatment of unstable thoracolumbar burst fractures by indirect reduction and posterior stabilization:short-segment versus long-segment stabilization [J]. The Open Orthopaedics Journal,2010,4:7-13.
[5] Kim HS,Lee SY,Nanda A,et al. Comparison of surgical outcomes in thoracolumbar fractures operated with posterior constructs having varying fixation length with selective anterior fusion [J]. Yonsei Med J,2009,50(4):546-554.
[6] Modi H,Chung K,Seo I,et al. Two levels above and one level below pedicle screw fixation for the treatment of unstable thoracolumbar fracture with partial or intact neurology [J]. Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research,2009,4(28):1-6.
[7] Gelb D,Ludwig S,Karp JE,et al. Successful treatment of thoracolumbar fractures with short- segment pedicle instrumentation [J]. J Spinal Disord Tech,2010,5:293-301.
[8] 迟晓飞,姜泳,赵钢.胸腰椎爆裂骨折三种后路术式的临床疗效[J].中国医药导报,2011,8(1):40-41.
[9] 关玉成,贾勇,腾勇,等.PLIG 技术在治疗中老年多节段腰椎不稳中的临床应用[J].西北国防医学杂志,2008,29(6) :422-424.
[10] Wang JG. Treatment of thoracolumbar vertebrate fracture by transpedicular morselized bone grafting in vertebrae for spinal fusion and pedicle screw fixation [J]. Journal of Huazhong University of Science and Technology-Medical Sciences,2008,28(3):322-326.
[11] Van HB,Leirs G,Van LJ. Transpedicular bone grafting as supplement to posterior predical screw instrumentation in tharamlunnlbar burst fracture [J]. Acta Orthop Belg,2009,75(6):815.
[12] 苏志勇,杜岩松.股骨近端空心锁定板治疗股骨颈骨折临床分析[J].临床误诊误治,2013,26(2):99-101.
[13] 杨春,朱裕成 王冰,等.相邻双椎联合固定结合伤椎植骨治疗骨质疏松性胸腰椎骨折[J].中国骨与关节损伤杂志,2011,26(11):1012-1013.
(收稿日期:2013-10-28 本文编辑:程 铭)
综上所述,三组的手术时间及术中出血量比较,短节段组有较突出优势;B组和C组则在恢复椎体高度及矫正Cobb角方面明显优于短节段组,说明三种术式各有优劣之处。临床中如何选择短节段、长节段及经伤椎短节段固定,本研究认为首先应考虑短节段固定,以免增加手术创伤和降低脊柱活动度;对于骨折大于2°的矢状位移位性骨折,经检查如果纵韧带完整,可以选用经伤椎短节段固定,但必须同时进行损伤节段的植骨,以分散载荷力及增强前柱的稳定性,这一点至关重要;对于爆裂性骨折,特别是伴有旋转或侧方移位的患者,则应采用多节段固定的方法。另外,本研究中发现,术后半年三组的神经功能恢复程度没有差异,至于是否会出现迟发性神经功能损伤,还需要以后进一步研究。
[参考文献]
[1] 黄象望.经伤椎置钉短节段椎弓根钉内固定治疗胸腰段脊柱骨折脱位[J].中国骨与关节损伤杂志,2010,25(3):233-234.
[2] 刘阳,郑文奎,井万里.伤椎置钉单节段固定植骨融合治疗胸腰段脊柱骨折[J].中国医药导报,2013,10(11):58-60.
[3] Heo DH,Chin DK,Yoon YS,et al. Recollapse of previous vertebral compression fracture after percutaneous vertebroplasty [J]. Osteoporos Int,2009,20(3):473-480.
[4] Sapkas G,Kateros K,Papadakis SA,et al. Treatment of unstable thoracolumbar burst fractures by indirect reduction and posterior stabilization:short-segment versus long-segment stabilization [J]. The Open Orthopaedics Journal,2010,4:7-13.
[5] Kim HS,Lee SY,Nanda A,et al. Comparison of surgical outcomes in thoracolumbar fractures operated with posterior constructs having varying fixation length with selective anterior fusion [J]. Yonsei Med J,2009,50(4):546-554.
[6] Modi H,Chung K,Seo I,et al. Two levels above and one level below pedicle screw fixation for the treatment of unstable thoracolumbar fracture with partial or intact neurology [J]. Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research,2009,4(28):1-6.
[7] Gelb D,Ludwig S,Karp JE,et al. Successful treatment of thoracolumbar fractures with short- segment pedicle instrumentation [J]. J Spinal Disord Tech,2010,5:293-301.
[8] 迟晓飞,姜泳,赵钢.胸腰椎爆裂骨折三种后路术式的临床疗效[J].中国医药导报,2011,8(1):40-41.
[9] 关玉成,贾勇,腾勇,等.PLIG 技术在治疗中老年多节段腰椎不稳中的临床应用[J].西北国防医学杂志,2008,29(6) :422-424.
[10] Wang JG. Treatment of thoracolumbar vertebrate fracture by transpedicular morselized bone grafting in vertebrae for spinal fusion and pedicle screw fixation [J]. Journal of Huazhong University of Science and Technology-Medical Sciences,2008,28(3):322-326.
[11] Van HB,Leirs G,Van LJ. Transpedicular bone grafting as supplement to posterior predical screw instrumentation in tharamlunnlbar burst fracture [J]. Acta Orthop Belg,2009,75(6):815.
[12] 苏志勇,杜岩松.股骨近端空心锁定板治疗股骨颈骨折临床分析[J].临床误诊误治,2013,26(2):99-101.
[13] 杨春,朱裕成 王冰,等.相邻双椎联合固定结合伤椎植骨治疗骨质疏松性胸腰椎骨折[J].中国骨与关节损伤杂志,2011,26(11):1012-1013.
(收稿日期:2013-10-28 本文编辑:程 铭)