李波+彭茜+郑植+陈芄螈
[摘要] 目的 评估经导管射频消融术(RFCA)治疗小儿阵发性室上性心动过速(PVST)的临床效果。 方法 回顾性分析2009年1月~2013年1月四川省人民医院收治的97例PSVT患儿。其中男65例,女32例,手术时平均年龄(7.1±1.8)岁,平均体重(32.4±8.9)kg。射频消融术后平均随访(27±21)个月。分析RFCA术的治疗情况。 结果 本研究纳入的97例患儿中,房室折返性心动过速(AVRT)患儿66例(68.0%),其中左侧旁道38例(57.6%),右侧旁道28例(42.4%);房室结折返性心动过速(AVNRT)患儿31例(32.0%)。射频消融即刻成功95例(97.9%),其中6例在随访过程中复发(6.2%)。复发患儿给予再次射RFCA治疗,随访半年,未见复发,术后随访所有患儿无消融手术相关并发症的发生。 结论 RFCA可安全有效治疗小儿PSVT。
[关键词] 经导管射频消融术;阵发性室上性心动过速;儿童
[中图分类号] R752.4 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1673-7210(2014)02(c)-0047-03
Efficacy observation of the radiofrequency catheter ablation treating on paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia in children
LI Bo PENG Qian ZHENG Zhi CHEN Wanyuan
Department of Pediatrics, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610072, China
[Abstract] Objective To observe the efficacy of radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA) in pediatric patients with paroxysmal supravetricular tachycardia (PSVT). Methods The clinical data of 97 pediatric patients with PSVT, who underwent RFCA in Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital from January 2009 to January 2013, were retrospectively analyzed. 65 male and 32 female were found in 97 pediatric patients; the average of age and weight were (7.1±1.8) years and (32.4±8.9) kg respectively; and they were followed up for (27±21) months. RFCA surgery treatmen was analyzed. Results In this cohort, 66 cases (68.0%) were diagnosed with atrio-ventricular reentrant tachycardia(AVRT), which included 38 cases (57.6%) with left ventricular outflow and 28 cases (42.4%) with right ventricular outflow; and 31 cases (32.0%) with atrio-ventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT). The success of the RFCA was achieved in 95 patients (97.9%); while recurrence occurred in 6 patients (6.2%). However, after second ablation, all those 6 patients were not recurrence. In this cohort, no complication was found during follow-up. Conclusion RFCA is safely and effectively in treating pediatric patients with PSVT.
[Key words] Radiofrequency catheter ablation; Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia; Children
阵发性室上性心动过速(paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia,PSVT)是儿童较为常见的一类心律失常病,发病率为1/250~1/1000,可引起胸闷、心悸等,持续发作可导致心力衰竭和阿斯综合征的发生[1]。房室折返性心动过速(atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia,AVRT)或房室结折返性心动过速(atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia,AVNRT)是PVST为最常见的两种发病机制。以往主要以应用抗心律失常药物治疗为主,虽可控制症状,但无法根治,且存在副作用,具有一定局限性。自20世纪90年代以来,随着经导管射频消融(radiofrequency catheter ablation,RFCA)的迅猛发展,及其具有疗程短、创伤小、无痛苦、安全性高、疗效确切等优点,而用于根治儿童及青少年PSVT[2]。但国内关于RFCA治疗儿童PSVT的研究尚少。本文回顾性分析了2009年1月~2013年1月四川省人民医院(以下简称“我院”)收治的室上性心动过速患儿接受RFCA治疗的临床资料,通过门诊随访,评估儿童各种PSVT经RFCA手术后的安全性和有效性,现将结果报道如下:
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料
以我院收治的97例经RFCA治疗的PSVT患儿97例为研究对象。其中男65例,女32例;年龄3~15岁,平均(7.1±1.8)岁;平均体重(32.4±8.9)kg;所有患者均接受心内电生理检查及RFCA治疗,射频消融术后平均随访(27±11)个月。纳入标准:①房室折返或房室结折返性心动过速呈反复性发作,发作时存在明显血流动力学障碍;②房速呈持续性无休止发作,伴心脏轻度扩大,抗心律失常药物治疗无效。排除标准:①未行心内电生理、心脏彩超和心电图检查;②心脏彩超提示各室腔大小、结构及功能异常;③存在器质性心脏病病史;④未取得患儿监护人的书面同意。
1.2 研究方法
回顾性分析PSVT患儿的临床资料,统计其性别年龄分布情况,观察RFCA手术成功率,并发症及复发率。所有患儿术前未曾服用抗心律失常药或停药至少5个半衰期以上,依据心内电生理检查,确定PVST发作类型及消融靶点,手术方法参照RFCA治疗快速心律失常指南[3],RFCA成功标准参照文献[4]。
2 结果
在97例患儿中,AVRT患者66例(68.0%),其中左侧旁道38例(57.6%),右侧旁道28例(42.4%);AVNRT患者31例(32.0%);射频消融即刻成功率为95例(97.9%);6例在随访过程中复发(6.3%),复发时间最短6 d,最长7个月,平均4.7个月。本组小儿RFCA治疗效果详见表1。
表1 小儿射频消融术治疗效果[n(%)]
注:AVRT:房室折返性心动过速;AVNRT:房室结折返性心动过速
在首次RFCA治疗失败的2个病例中,1例为AVRT患儿,因与HIS束距离较近放弃治疗;另1例为AVNRT患儿,因在RFCA术中出现Ⅱ~Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞(AVB)而终止手术放弃治疗。6例复发患者中AVNRT患儿占3例,复发率为9.7%;AVRT占3例,复发率为4.5%,其中右侧旁道型AVRT患儿2例(66.7%),左侧旁道型1例(23.3%)。6例复发患者给予再次射频消融手术治疗,随访6个月,未见复发。
患儿术后及随访过程中均未发生感染、肺损伤、瓣膜损伤、假性动脉瘤、瓣膜反流等,无死亡及其他并发症的发生。1例AVNTR患儿术中出现Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞,术后经对症治疗后好转为Ⅰ度房室传导阻滞,目前一直服用抗心律失常药物,病情控制良好。
3 讨论
在儿科心律失常患儿中,以PVST最为常见,约占儿科心律失常的90%[5]。AVRT和AVNRT是PVST最常见的两种形式,以AVRT为主,随着年龄增长AVNRT呈增加趋势[1]。持续或频繁的心动过速,可导致心脏扩大,心功能减退,严重危害患儿身心健康,也给家庭带来沉重的经济负担。以往主要以抗心律失常药物治疗为主,虽可控制症状,但无法根治。自1987年国外首次将RFCA应用于临床治疗房室折返性心动过速并取得成功,1991年我国首次将RFCA用于治疗儿童预激综合征以来,RFCA在我国取得迅猛发展并逐渐成为快速型心律失常病根治的首选方法。但由于儿童生长发育的特殊性,部分PVST患儿有自行缓解趋势,且儿童心脏容积小,血管细,房室结发育不成熟等,使儿童期患儿进行RFCA治疗有别于成人。
本研究中接受RFCA治疗的66例AVRT患儿中,右侧旁道28例,最小年龄为1岁,国内有研究报道最小年龄仅4个月的患儿安全的接受了手术[6];左侧旁道38例,最小年龄6岁,可见左侧旁道型患儿明显多于右侧旁道型。右侧旁道型患儿消融时导管经下腔静脉进入右房,消融导管贴靠于右侧房室沟处,因静脉较粗,所以即使年幼儿,仍可完成消融操作,因此对于较年幼的右侧旁道型AVRT患儿可试行RFCA治疗以达到根治的目的。而左侧旁道型消融时,常采用心室侧消融,而年幼儿动脉较细,消融导管头端较难在动脉内打弯,因此左侧旁道消融适用于较年长患儿。与左侧旁道消融相比,右侧旁道消融耗费时间较长,复发率高,可能由于导管贴靠三尖瓣不牢所致,严重者还可损伤三尖瓣,造成三尖瓣反流和瘢痕形成[7-8]。
本研究中的PVST患儿射频消融术即刻成功率为97.9%,优于Hafez等[9]报道的88.3%的成功率。本研究中复发的6例患儿中,AVNRT和ANRT的复发率为9.7%和4.5%,可见AVNRT复发较AVRT多见,与以往研究相似[10]。AVNRT复发率较高的原因可能由于儿童慢旁通道距HIS希氏术较近,一般多采用较低消融能量、短时、多次消融的方法避免Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞的发生;另外AVNRT可存在多旁道,因此较难彻底消融。AVRT复发患儿则以右旁道多见,可能由于导管贴靠不牢、以致插入点距房室沟较远导致无法彻底消融。
Lee等[11]研究显示,在PVST的长期随访中,其复发率是4.7%;Komura等[12]在长达4年的随访中PVST复发率是12.9%。在本研究中,对所有患儿进行长期随访,发现PVST的复发率仅为6.2%。可见RFCA疗程短、创伤小、无痛苦、安全性高、疗效确切,可安全、有效地用于儿童PVST的治疗,完成根治心律失常的目标,避免长时间服用抗心律失常药物的困扰和外科开胸手术的痛苦。
[参考文献]
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(收稿日期:2013-10-17 本文编辑:李继翔)
[3] Friedman RA,Walsh EP,Silka MJ,et al. NASPE Expert Consensus Conference:radiofrequency catheter ablation in children with and without congenital heart disease. Report of the writing committee. North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology [J]. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol,2002,25(6):1000-1017.
[4] De Santis A,Fazio G,Silvetti MS,et al. Transcatheter ablation of supraventricular tachycardias in pediatric patients [J]. Curr Pharm Des,2008,14(8):788-793.
[5] Joung B,Lee M,Sung JH,et al. Pediatric radiofrequency catheter ablation:sedation methods and success,complication and recurrence rates [J]. Circ J,2006,70(3):278-284.
[6] Kwashima T,Sakai E,Taguchi A,et al. Case of dilated cardiomyopathy with PVST treated by catheter ablation of atrioventricular junction [J]. Rinsho Kyobu Geka,1989,9(6):612-613.
[7] Udyavar AR,Benjamin S,Ravikumar M,et al. Long-term results of radiofrequency ablation of slow pathway in patients with atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia:single-center experience [J]. Indian Heart J,2006,58(2):131-137.
[8] Al-Ammouri I,Perry JC. Proximity of coronary arteries to the atrioventricular valve annulus in young patients and implications for ablation procedures [J]. Am J Cardiol,2006, 9(12):1752-1755.
[9] Hafez M,Abu-Elkheir M,Shokier M,et al. Radiofrequency catheter ablation in children with supraventricular tachycardias:intermediate term follow up results [J]. Clin Med Insights Cardiol,2012,6:7-16.
[10] Kirsh JA,Gross GJ,O'Connor S,et al. Transcatheter cryoablation of tachyarrhythmias in children:initial experience from an international registry [J]. J Am Coll Cardiol,2005, 45(1):133-136.
[11] Lee PC,Hwang B,Chen SA,et al. The results of radiofrequency catheter ablation of supraventricular tachycardia in children [J]. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol,2007, 30(5):655-661.
[12] Komura M,Suzuki J,Adachi S,et al. Clinical course of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy in the era of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators and radiofrequency catheter ablation [J]. Int Heart J,2010,51(1):34-40.
(收稿日期:2013-10-17 本文编辑:李继翔)
[3] Friedman RA,Walsh EP,Silka MJ,et al. NASPE Expert Consensus Conference:radiofrequency catheter ablation in children with and without congenital heart disease. Report of the writing committee. North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology [J]. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol,2002,25(6):1000-1017.
[4] De Santis A,Fazio G,Silvetti MS,et al. Transcatheter ablation of supraventricular tachycardias in pediatric patients [J]. Curr Pharm Des,2008,14(8):788-793.
[5] Joung B,Lee M,Sung JH,et al. Pediatric radiofrequency catheter ablation:sedation methods and success,complication and recurrence rates [J]. Circ J,2006,70(3):278-284.
[6] Kwashima T,Sakai E,Taguchi A,et al. Case of dilated cardiomyopathy with PVST treated by catheter ablation of atrioventricular junction [J]. Rinsho Kyobu Geka,1989,9(6):612-613.
[7] Udyavar AR,Benjamin S,Ravikumar M,et al. Long-term results of radiofrequency ablation of slow pathway in patients with atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia:single-center experience [J]. Indian Heart J,2006,58(2):131-137.
[8] Al-Ammouri I,Perry JC. Proximity of coronary arteries to the atrioventricular valve annulus in young patients and implications for ablation procedures [J]. Am J Cardiol,2006, 9(12):1752-1755.
[9] Hafez M,Abu-Elkheir M,Shokier M,et al. Radiofrequency catheter ablation in children with supraventricular tachycardias:intermediate term follow up results [J]. Clin Med Insights Cardiol,2012,6:7-16.
[10] Kirsh JA,Gross GJ,O'Connor S,et al. Transcatheter cryoablation of tachyarrhythmias in children:initial experience from an international registry [J]. J Am Coll Cardiol,2005, 45(1):133-136.
[11] Lee PC,Hwang B,Chen SA,et al. The results of radiofrequency catheter ablation of supraventricular tachycardia in children [J]. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol,2007, 30(5):655-661.
[12] Komura M,Suzuki J,Adachi S,et al. Clinical course of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy in the era of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators and radiofrequency catheter ablation [J]. Int Heart J,2010,51(1):34-40.
(收稿日期:2013-10-17 本文编辑:李继翔)