吴晓飞
【摘 要】
高中学生之所以写作水平不高,或者认为英语写作贫乏无味,大多是因为词汇不足,句式单调,缺乏词汇和漂亮句子的点缀。本文旨在探讨如何使学生在写作训练中学会使用恰当、“高级”的词汇并灵活运用句式,从而提高他们英语写作水平。
【关键词】
遣词造句 英语写作
“千里之行,始于足下”。高中英语写作基础在于遣词造句。高中生的思维已足够丰富成熟,但是面对一篇有具体写作要求的英语作文时,却在书面表达上显得捉襟见肘。究其原因,就是平时缺乏基本的遣词造句能力的训练和积累。虽然曾从事了大量的词汇和短语的记忆,却只是散乱的词、短语和句型,没有使之内化成自己的语言,结果没办法自然准确地表达自己独特的思想。
一、遣词
1.积累新词,避免重复使用简单词汇
英语词汇极多:《牛津英语词典》收了40多万个词。当然我们日常生活中使用的单词就几千而已。但是,从高中学生普遍的英语写作看,使用的词汇笼统、简单、重复。比如,描述“好”必用very good、very nice、be good at、do well in等。然而,在高中阶段表示“好”的词,就形容词而言,就有许多高级的词汇,如excellent、wonderful、terrific、fabulous、splendid、extraordinary、incredible、outstanding、amazing等等。
常用的词按文体来分有正式的(formal),一般的(general),口语的(colloquial)。高中写作中,应当尽量“去口语化”,尽量使用正式用语,就是我们所谓的“高级词汇”。如下列单词,前一个是一般词汇,后者是正式词汇。
serious(严重的)——severe
poor(贫穷的)——needy
rich(富裕的)——wealthy
good(有益的)——beneficial
bad(不好的,不受欢迎的)——undesirable
however(然而,不过)——nevertheless
improve(提高,加强)——promote/strengthen
surprising(惊人的,非凡的)——extraordinary
if(如果……)——provided/providing
2.根据语境,使用恰当的词汇
学习用英语写作的中国学生应先学会使用最有用也最常用的词来表达自己的思想。有时初学者会误用一些词,这些词往往并不全错,只是不恰当、不准确、不地道,或不生动。因此,对选词的方法有基本的了解是有益的。比如,汉语里表达“死亡”的概念非常之多,然而,不管是汉语本族人或是英语世界的人们,对于这个话题,都有不同程度的避讳。因此,作为英语学习者,我们应该掌握它在不同语境中的恰当用法。下列列举一下关于“死亡”的不同表达:
一命呜呼 kicking the bucket 一命归天 enter the celestial city
夭折 dying young 不行了 on the point of death
永诀 parting forever 去世 dying
仙逝 passing away 安息 resting in peace
完了 be over 完蛋 be done for
沒命 losing one's life 阵亡 dying in battle
殉职 dying at one's post 殉难 dying(or a just course or for one's country)
脱离凡尘 going our of this world 丧身 meeting one's death
寿尽 meeting one's end 献身 devoting oneself to
牺牲 sacrificing oneself 咽气 breathing one's last
归土 paying one's debt to nature 归西 going west
另外,还应注意一些词的感情色彩,例如country、nation、state、land的原义有相同之处,都相当于中文的“国家”,但它们的涵义却很不同。country指地区、其人口及政府,nation主要指人民,state主要指政府及政治组织,land比country的意思广泛些,而且文雅些,并更有感情色彩。
关于词义高中学生特别要注意一点:不应把一个英语词的中文译法看作它的确切意思,如大家都知道send的意思是“送”,便会造出这样的句子:He came to send me the letter.(应为He brought me the letter.), 或I sent my friend to the station yesterday.(应为I went to the station with my friend to see him off.)再如family和home都可译为“家”, 但他们的意思很不一样:family指亲属,而home指住的地方。
二、造句
句子是我们写作文最大的单位,有了漂亮的句子,用好的连词将其连句成段,在加上一些如星星般亮点词汇的点缀,一篇好的英语作文就有了。
1.通过缩扩句练习,化繁为简
缩扩句就是把一个复杂的句子先缩成几个简单的句子,完成简单句的写作,然后再根据英语语法规则及其句式结构要求把这几个简单句合并成为复合句。
英语课堂的训练重点,常规的训练方式是扩展句子(即在简单句的基础上加上适当的修饰语,将其改写成结构复杂的句子)。但现实的写作任务(如考试中)又并不总是给出简单句,相反,它会有一些较长的中文句子出现,而学生一看到长句就发慌,其写作结果可想而知。为解决这一问题,学生应学会“反其道而行之”。
例如: 你不重视老师给你提的建议是不对的。(think little of)
第一步:进行缩句。将句子缩为以下三句:①你不重视建议;②老师给你的建议;③那是不对的。完成简单句的写作:①You think little of the advice.②Your teacher gave you the advice.③Its wrong.
第二步:将①②两句合并为包含定语从句的一个复合句④You think little of the advice that your teacher gave you.
第三步:联想到“Its wrong for sb. to do sth.”的句式结构,将③④两句合并为一句:“Its wrong for you to think little of the advice that your teacher gave you.”
2.灵活使用多样句式,达到语言的生动多变
写作时,经常变换句型和句子结构以及表达思想的方式,切忌所有的句子都用相同的句型,使文章读起来单调乏味。
A.既可以用主动式也可以用被动式,例如:
例1:Today, we use machines not only in industry but in other sectors of national economy as well.
Today machines are widely used not only in industry but in other sectors of national economy as well.
例2:Some people believe that it will be possible for automatic machines to replace completely in the future.
It is believed by some people that it will be possible for automatic machines to replace completely in the future.
B.既可以是正常語序也可以是倒装语序,例如:
例1:A new type of TV sets was among the products on display.
Among the products on display was a new type of TV sets.(介词短语+谓语+主语)
例2:We did not realize the problem of energy crisis until the end of last century.
Not until the end of last century did we realize the problem of energy crisis. (not until+助动词+主语+谓语)
C.既可以用简单句也可以用主从复合句,例如:
例1:Her parents wouldn't let him marry the girl. Her family was poor.
Her parents wouldn't let him marry the girl whose family was poor.(定语从句)
例2:It surprised me greatly. I found she was such a fine swimmer.
What surprised me greatly was to find she was such a fine swimmer.(主语从句)
例3:The news is that we won the game. It made us wild with joy.
The news that we won the game made us wild with joy.(同位语从句)
D.达到句式多变的最佳途径是把关键词或短语放于开头
例:Lu Hao graduated last summer. He joined the First Auto Works in Changchun soon after graduation. He received an engineering degree from his college.
采用三种方法可以把这三个简单句连接起来:
如:After graduating last summer with an engineering degree, Lu Hao soon joined the First Auto Works in Changchun. (介词结构+主语+谓语)
或:An engineering degree-holder, Lu Hao joined the First Auto Works in Changchun last summer soon after graduation. (同位语+主语+谓语+ 状语)
又或:Having graduated with an engineering degree, Lu Hao joined the First Auto Works in Changchun last summer. (状语+主语+谓语)
3.高中英语写作应使用长短句相互结合
英语长句固然能体现学生的写作能力,帮助学生得高分,但是一篇文章都是长句,读起来很累人。有时候写个短小精辟的句子,也能起到画龙点睛的作用。一般在写作中,通常把短句放于段首或段末:
As a creature, I eat; as a man, I read. Although one action is to meet the primary need of my body and the other is to satisfy the intellectual need of mind, they are in a way quite similar.
由此可见,长短句结合,抑扬顿挫,读起来朗朗上口。在此,强烈建议在作文时,在文章第一段用一长一短,且先长后短;在文章的主体部分,要先用一个短句解释主要意思,然后再阐述一个要点的时候采用先短后长的句群形式,文章结尾一般用一长一短就可以了。