李文武 殷光文 黄志坚
(福建农林大学动物科学学院福建省动物药物工程实验室福州350002)
海藻多糖生物活性的研究进展
李文武 殷光文 黄志坚*
(福建农林大学动物科学学院福建省动物药物工程实验室福州350002)
近年来,海藻多糖的生物活性得到深入研究,新的生物功效也逐渐被发现。为更好地利用海藻多糖,本文就海藻多糖的生物活性研究进展情况进行综述。
海藻多糖免疫调节抗凝血抗病毒抗氧化抗肿瘤
海洋天然活性成分的研究是海洋药物开发的基础和源泉。海洋幅员辽阔,生物资源丰富多样,藻类品种繁多,是海洋生物多糖来源的巨大宝库。海藻多糖作为来源广泛、无毒或低毒且功效广泛的海洋天然活性多糖,在动物营养和健康方面应用广泛,深受科研人员的垂青。
海藻多糖主要来自海带、鹿尾菜(羊栖菜)、巨藻、泡叶藻、墨角藻等海藻,是一类多组分的混合物,主要包括褐藻中的藻酸、褐藻糖胶、硫酸多糖、红藻中的琼胶、卡拉胶。
2.1 海藻多糖的免疫调节功能藻类多糖对动物体的免疫调节主要基于多糖对机体巨噬细胞免疫应答机制的调控。巨噬细胞是先天免疫系统中重要的免疫细胞,具有强大的吞噬活性,对机体内稳态也具有调节作用。炎症反应中,巨噬细胞能极化M1细胞,维持Th1依赖性免疫反应,诱发IL-1、IL-6、NO、TNF-α等炎性介质的产生,提高对微生物或病变细胞的吞噬能力[1]。近来研究表明,大多数的生物活性多糖具有促进巨噬细胞M1极化[2-5],刺激巨噬细胞释放炎性介质(IL-1、IL-6、IL-12等),促进Th1导向的适应性免疫应答[6]。多糖的免疫调节机理是增强或活化巨噬细胞的免疫应答,提高机体的免疫调节能力,提高抗肿瘤活性,促进伤口愈合等[6]。同时,藻类多糖可以与淋巴细胞表面的受体CR3结合,通过影响胞内Ca2+、cAMP、cGMP、NO等信息分子而参与淋巴细胞的活化、增殖,促进细胞因子和抗体的产生、释放[7]。
2.2 海藻多糖的抗氧化作用动物机体行使生物功能时会产生具有强氧化活性的自由基,可对机体的组织和细胞造成损伤,导致诸如癌症、神经退化和炎症等疾病[8-10]。抗氧化物质对机体的健康具有积极的影响,它可以保护机体组织免受活性氧自由基的损伤。海藻硫酸多糖不仅是功能的膳食纤维,也是海藻内的抗氧化活性成分。其抗氧化活性与多糖自身结构有关,多糖的构型、硫酸化度、分子量等都决定了多糖的抗氧化活性[11-13]。Rocha de Souza等[14]研究证实褐藻糖胶、海带多糖和海藻酸都是有效的抗氧化活性成分。
2.3 海藻多糖的抗肿瘤作用癌细胞可以通过机体内自由基对组织的损伤诱导产生,海藻多糖具有抗氧化性,能减少自由基对机体的损伤,间接减少肿瘤细胞的产生。近年来,有研究报道海藻多糖在体外可抗肿瘤细胞增殖、抑制小鼠内肿瘤细胞生长[14-15]。H.A.Rocha等[16]发现海藻多糖能封闭癌细胞与基底膜交互,以阻止癌细胞的扩散转移,但其确切作用机制尚未完全了解。Yamamoto等[17]早年已报道,口服海藻多糖能显著降低癌症的发病率。Kwon等[18]通过细胞凋亡发现,一定剂量的紫菜硫酸多糖能在不影响正常细胞的情况下诱导癌细胞的死亡。此外,Athukorala等[19]用纯化的昆布硫酸多糖刺激人白血病单核细胞性淋巴癌细胞时发现,昆布硫酸多糖能诱导体外癌细胞凋亡,同时又具有潜在的抗癌细胞增殖作用。
2.4 海藻多糖的抗病毒作用海藻多糖的抗病毒活性首次得到证实是在20世纪60年代,Gerber等[20]人研究发现,从石花菜中提取的多糖物质能提高鸡胚对乙型流感病毒的抗感染能力。Witvrouw等[21]证实许多种类的海藻多糖都含有大量结构复杂的硫酸多糖,能抑制黄病毒、囊膜病毒、弹状病毒等荚膜病毒的复制。随后,Huheihel等[22]研究证实具有抗病毒活性的海藻多糖都经高度硫酸化,低度硫酸化海藻多糖的抗病毒活性通常不活跃[23]。Witvrouw等[21]发现海藻多糖中硫酸酯基团是抗HIV活性的必要基因,并与硫酸化程度有关,佐证了Huheihel和Damonte等[23]人的研究结果。由此,海藻多糖的抗病毒机制可能是,硫酸酯基的阴离子电荷可有效抑制病毒逆转录酶的活性,从而具有抗病毒活性。
2.5 海藻多糖的抗凝血作用血液凝固按其形成途径可分为内源性凝血和外源性凝血,凝血过程中均有大量凝血因子参与,例如外源性凝血时,组织释放凝血因子III与因子Ⅶ和Ca一起形成复合物,催化因子X变成活化因子X(Xa)。Xa、V、Ca及血小板磷脂共同形成凝血酶原激活物。抗凝血剂主要通过灭活或抑制凝血因子的激活,延长或阻止血液凝固[24]。自Kylin[25]研究褐藻的抗凝血活性至今,海藻多糖的抗凝血研究已得到广泛关注[26]。彭波等[27]通过内源性和外源性凝血途径证实,褐藻多糖硫酸酯(FPS)能延长小鼠凝血酶时间(TT)和凝血酶原时间(PT),且随多糖浓度增加而作用增强。王春玲等[28]对小鼠和大鼠灌胃FPS发现,FPS具有抗凝血活性,并对静脉血栓形成具有明显的抑制作用。汪艳秋等[29]研究刺松藻多糖发现,刺松藻多糖能显著延长家兔APTT(活化部分凝血酶时间)、PT和TT,显著抑制ADP(二磷酸腺苷)引起的血小板凝集。此外,也有研究报道,绿藻、红藻等提取的藻类多糖同样具有抗凝血活性[30-32]。
2.6 其他生物活性除上述活性外,海藻多糖还具有降血糖、抗高血压、抗动脉粥样硬化、抗衰老和抗辐射等[33-36]生物活性。近年来,随着对海洋藻类多糖研究的深入,一些新的药物活性被相继报道。Dai L等[37]发现海藻多糖能抑制风湿性关节炎患者成纤维细胞样滑膜细胞的凋亡。Nagaoka M等[38]、Shibata H等[39]发现岩藻多糖在功能性食物中具有潜在的抗溃疡活性。ChoY S等[40]从裙带菜中提取的岩藻多糖被证实能诱导成骨细胞的分化。也有相关研究发现,海带多糖对肥胖和糖尿病有缓解和治疗作用[41]。
海藻多糖是海洋天然活性多糖,具有广泛的生物活性。近年来,国内外专家均致力于海藻多糖的药理功能、生物活性功能的研究,取得了长足的进展。我国海藻资源十分丰富,生物活性物质的种类也很多,这为我们对海藻多糖的深入研究提供了保障,有利于我们进一步开发和研究。
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Advances in the biologicalactivity of seaweed polysaccharides
Lee Wenwu Yin Guangwen Huang Zhijian*
(Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University,College of Animal Science,Engineering Laboratory Animal Pharmaceuticals of Fujian Province,Fuzhou 350002)
In recent years,the biological activities of seaweed polysaccharides have got depth study,new biological effects have been gradually found.To get better utilization of seaweed polysaccharides,we reviewed the progress of the biological activities of seaweed polysaccharides in this paper.
Seaweed polysaccharides immune regulation anticoagulant antiviral activity antioxidant anti-tumor
A
1003-4331(2014)04-0019-04
福建省海洋高新产业发展专项(闽海渔高科合同[2012]科28号)资助。
李文武(1989-),男,硕士研究生;研究方向:动物疾病与保健。E-mail:xiaowen-521@qq.com。
*通信作者:黄志坚(1963-),男,教授,硕士生导师;研究方向:动物疾病防控与保健。E-mail:huangzj1999@sina. com。