高校学生工作有效性的路径解析

陈素琴

（涪陵广播电视大学，重庆 408000）

高校学生工作有效性的路径解析

陈素琴

（涪陵广播电视大学，重庆 408000）

学生教育管理工作成效，集中表现为学生在校期间的知、情、意、行的习得性及其效应的持久性。鉴于当前高校中对学生的教育管理工作中存在诸如将学生工作狭义化、片面化、管理化、活动化的误区，应在加强学生对自我认知的基础上，对学生进行和谐人际关系的引导，强化教师教学工作中的教育性，通过教、学的融合提升学生管理工作的有效性。

教与学；有效性；学生教育管理

教学管理的实质，就是设计和保持一种良好的教学环境，使教师和学生在教学过程中高效率地达到既定的教学目标[1]。众所周知，我国高等教育大幅发展的同时也意味着高校规模扩张。由此，因大量学生的急剧增加给高校的各项管理工作带来了较大的冲击与挑战，尤其是当下高等院校通常将学生的管理工作置于学生处或团委等机构的操作环境中，作为教学管理机构的教务处及作为对学生进行直接专业素养训练的教学院部，就其工作的有效性而言，教与学的有机融合不失为提高工作效率及教学管理成效的有效路径。

一、对学生教育管理工作普遍存在的认识及行动误区

（一）视学生工作为单纯地对学生进行的思想教育

诚然，思想教育工作是高校学生工作的重要内容，但是，当前普遍存在的一个误区是将学生工作狭义化，即将学生工作简单地理解为思想教育，或者说把思想教育工作作为学生工作的全部内容。具体表现为：提到高校的学生工作，自然会联想到当前大多高校普遍设置的辅导员一职，同时也意味着在对这一现状的认同的过程中存在着对学生工作的曲解，即将学生工作仅视为辅导员或主管学生工作的书记的分内之事。另外，还应该看到，基于上述误解，在学生工作中注重对学生的思想意识的引导，轻实际行动的衡量；关注学生的言语，轻视或者忽略学生的实际表现。表面看来，思想教育工作取得了很大的成绩，学生口口声声称自己的觉悟有了大的提高，在平时的演讲、集会、宣讲或报告会等公共场合口若悬河，讲得头头是道，但在私下的学习、生活中的表现却判若两人，并非他本人在公共场合所表现出的那么激情。可见，思想教育工作的重名轻实实际上给一部分学生大开投机之门。问题的另外一个方面，正是因为将学生工作定位于对其进行思想教育，确切地说是政治思想教育，在此过程中并未加强对学生的学习意识的培养和教育，充其量也不过是对学习纪律和课堂秩序的强调和灌输，但是，这种旁敲侧击并未起到真正地督促学生学习的效果。

（二）视学生工作为单纯地对学生进行管理

学生工作作为高校教书育人的重要环节，本应发挥其应有的引导人、鼓舞人、塑造人的积极作用。但是，在学生工作实践中，却往往更突出 “管理”的成分，而且这种管理多是带有强制性的成分，缺乏必要的自我管理机制。如此一来，学生的独立性也在日益丧失，更多的是按辅导员老师的意志来活动。显然，这样的工作机制不利于学生独立意识的培养。而且，仅就以院系的基层管理单位如院、系学生会的学生工作而言，大多是在主管领导或教师的授意下开展工作的。这种意义上的管理其实存在的最大问题在于将学校与学生、管理者与被管理者置于相互对立的境地，这种管理模式对于高校学生工作的实际效果有很大影响。

（三）视学生工作为组织学生进行各种课外活动

还有一个更有意思也颇耐人寻味的现象，当前高校里的学生社团活动比较繁多，各种集会、校园歌手大赛、晚会、体育竞技等活动开展得如火如荼，这些也是学生工作开展得到位与否的表征。但是，与开展上述热热闹闹的课外活动相比，在教学方面所开展的活动却寥寥无几。更有甚者出现了学校教学机构因为正常的教学活动却调动不了学生的局面。显然，出现这种局面固然有学生自身定位及认知方面的缺陷，但也与学生工作者对其工作性质的认识及其与高校整体教育关系的把握尚不到位直接相关，甚至于少数辅导员仅仅将学生活动如期开展、学生不违反纪律、班级秩序良好等作为自我检验工作有效性的标志。显然，他们将学生工作狭义化了。

（四）将学生工作与教学工作截然分开

在当前的高校中，学生工作与教学工作的脱节已不是个别现象，而是呈一种较为普遍且愈演愈烈的态势发展。前已述及，正是因为学生工作者仅是从维持纪律、保证正常的教学秩序出发，在学生的思想政治教育工作方面有所建树外，其对学生的专业学识及素质教育却很不到位。这样的结果致使学生工作与教学工作严重脱节。当然，造成这种局面的原因一方面在于对学生工作本身的认识尚不到位，并未真正认识到一切学生工作是为教学工作服务的本质。另一方面的原因在于当前高校的学生工作者的专业素质、知识结构远不能满足对学生进行专业教育的要求。于是，高校的学生工作也就只能停留于对学生的强制性的管理和约束中的纪律教育，对教学的辅助作用发挥得十分有限。

二、保证高校学生教育管理工作有效性的四个重要环节

（一）加强学生对自我的认知

学生的自我管理与学生工作者对学生的管理有本质上的区别，并且学生自我管理有着与学生工作者自上而下的管理所不具有的优势。学生自身对学生工作有着极大的兴趣，因此如何激发他们的工作热情，如何培养他们的学生工作方法对做好学生工作大有裨益。因此，一方面应当建立完善的各级学生自我管理机构，老师对其进行必要的指导，并经常对各类学生干部进行培训，使其具备学生自我管理的各种知识，最关键的是激发和保持学生干部的工作积极性。显然，学生工作之所谓管理其实是为了有效地保证学生的学习和生活，但归根结底，形式上的管理只是一种过渡，其根本目的在于让学生通过大学生活锻炼并逐渐形成一种自我约束能力，进而为以后的人生及事业中的有效作为提供保障。

另一方面，学生工作者有义务促使学生对自身的优缺点及存在的潜能有一个明晰的判断，也有义务为学生的后续发展 （包括专业发展、人生规划等）提供引导和咨询。这里其实也就涉及到高校学生工作者的知识结构、学缘结构、个人影响力等多方面的因素。既要有学生工作者的现身说法、言传身教，又要求学生工作者的循循善诱、不离不弃的耐心引导，帮助学生正确认识自我，对自己的优缺点了熟然于心，从而在自我人生规划和自我定位中避免盲目性，保证教育教学的有效性。

（二）对学生进行和谐人际关系的引导

应该说，学生在大学里所应学到的东西，不只是对知识的掌握，更重要的是对生活、对人生、对将来所要从事的职业或事业的体验和感悟。因此，和谐友善的人际关系对于学生在上述方面的习得具有不可或缺甚至决定性的影响。

高校的人际关系大体而言可从师生关系、同学关系、朋友关系、老乡关系等几方面来把握。就师生关系而言，高校师生关系中首先应确立这样一种观念——师：学高为师，身正为范，以丰富的知识武装学生，以高尚的人格魅力感染学生，以谆谆的教导鼓励学生，充分发挥教师 “教”和 “育”的职责及功能；生：求知为学，做人为生。学生者，以学有所得、业有所成作为自己日后在社会安身立命和社会活动之动力能源。“学然后知不足”，并以此为契机来求得自身潜能的开发。乍看起来，师与生是如此的泾渭分明，但是作为一种培养人的活动，其至少包含以下三个方面的内涵：其一，教师传授知识，以一定的知识储备陶冶、感染学生，塑造学生的完美个性和健全人格；其二，学生接受知识、发现学习，并在学习、生活过程中领悟、体验教师所传递的信息；其三，师生双方相互影响，相互学习，亦即教学相长。由此可见，师生之间还是有许多 “共同语言”，教师要 “一切为了学生、为了一切学生、为了学生一切”，视学生的差异为教育资源；学生则要尽可能地不断更新、完善自己的智力储备和人格体系。理论上讲，这种共同语言会使师生之间的亲和力增加，师生关系更为融洽。实践而言，这种共同语言是师生推心置腹地长期磨合中酝酿而成。师生关系是教育活动中最基本的关系，其涉及师与生、教与学、知识传授与人生引导等方面。正如雅斯贝尔斯曾在 《什么是教育》中所说：“苏格拉底的教育思考，包括反讽 （刺激学生感到离真理甚远），催产术 （通过顺答逐渐使真理显明），以及探索真理,而非传递真理。”[2]在此情景中，以 “头脑风暴”的方式来刺激学生的思维，鼓励师生之间的论争，这种理性地切磋与碰撞，是思想的火花交汇产生新思想的催化剂。同时，这种对话型的师生关系的构建，师生之间的心理距离明显缩小，在对待学术、处理学与思的关系等问题上也较为自然。《学记》中也如是写道：“善待问者如撞钟，叩之以小则小鸣，叩之以大则大鸣。”以期实现师生的共同进步，是为“教学相长。”[3]

（三）教学时刻体现教育性

如今，高校的教育功能已有了很大程度地拓展，已不再是单纯地探究学问的场所了，其教学、科研和服务社会及创新等功能都是通过教育及其培养的人去实现的。因此，在高校教育活动的全过程中要注重“育”的深化而不能重言轻行，不能有教无育。完美健全的人格和一定的知识储备同时构成社会对人才准入的 “双核”标准，任何一项的缺失或偏颇都将会对整个社会造成一种隐患和不和谐。这就要求高校教师，要追求大教育而非停留在 “大教学”的水平上；要切实认识到 “教师和学生之间的关系首先是教育关系，这种关系建立在责任的基础上”[4]。而且更多地通过 “育”人来体现。要以自己高尚的人格魅力感染学生，我们的每一项活动都应该规范在是否教会了学生学习，是否使学生具备了学习和运用知识解决问题的能力，是否使学生具备了自我发展的能量，是否真正地实现了教书育人，使学生达到 “离师辅而不反”的境界。具体而言，无论是学生工作还是教学工作，都不能偏离育人这一本分，否则大学教育的效果就要大打折扣。因此，要求大学里的学生工作者在进行思想教育的同时要注重对学生的学习积极性、主动性的激发以及学习兴趣的培养，任课教师要注意加强对学生学习的引导。这种引导不仅表现为在课堂上知识的传递，还表现为在平常的学习、工作及生活中的言传身教，即一切场景中都要注意到其对学生的教育影响。

（四）引导学生正确处理学习与就业等个人发展的关系

诚然，在众多家庭及学生看来，顺利就业并拥有可观的收入是上学成功与否的重要标志，甚至是唯一标志。显然，这种认识也是不尽合理的。这就要求学生工作者务必帮助学生树立正确的学习观及就业观。一方面，要想方设法帮助学生确立正确的事业观、人生观和价值观，深化学生对所学专业及其将会从事的职业的认识；另一方面，要督促学生在平常的学习生活中积极作为，切实掌握知识及本领，加强对学生的职前训练，使学生具备过硬的专业素质，扎实的专业知识和技能，这样才可能在日益竞争的就业市场中脱颖而出。

从这一点上讲，势必要求从事学生工作的教师在做好学生的思想政治工作的同时，还要求任课教师尤其是专业课教师加强对学生的专业性教育，通过实地调研等途径有意识地引导学生接触学科前沿或了解市场，从而深化学生对自己将来可能从事的职业的感知，为后续学习的开展及学生将来的人生规划提供支持。

总之，教育管理工作的有效性，很大程度上是通过教、学双方的有效配合，较多地表现为学生成长的、反映教学管理水平及效率的变量。这一变量的变化，是学校为实现教学管理目标所显示的能力以及管理效率、效果、效益等参数的综合反映，也是 “学校合理运用各种资源后表现出的结果状况，其特征是导向组织目标，强调资源的有效利用”[5]。因此，从教与学有机融合的角度入手，注重教学教育性的发挥，又注重对学生日常管理工作中教育教学理念的传递、思想的渗透、行动的潜移默化，将学生的教育管理工作与教育教学活动全过程有机关联，为提升教育教学效能提供有效路径。

[1]田 洁.提高教学管理工作有效性的思考[J].教学与管理，2011（2）：44.

[2][德]雅斯贝尔斯.什么是教育[M].邹 进，译.北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店，1991：9.

[3]钱军平.论高校师生关系的重构及其现实意蕴[J].株洲师范高等专科学校学报，2006（6）：101.

[4]卢丽君，刘 琴.新时期大学师生关系评点[N].中国教育报，2004—09—10.

[5]张 东.论大学教学管理的伦理诉求[D].西南大学, 2012.

[6]华 杰，等.用社会主义核心价值体系构建高校学生网络道德研究[J].重庆工商大学学报（社会科学版），2013（5）.

[责任编辑：赵庆来]

Abstract:The driving force of local service oriented government has direct influences on its level of social ruling.Motivating its driving force is an important premise for improving its’social ruling ability.Currently,we should motivate the local service-oriented government in terms of active drive force,passive drive force, compelling driving force and reforming drive force from the aspects of promoting career development,solving social problems,implementing tasks given by upper authorities and strengthening self construction.We should constantly improve traditional policy,economy,law and executive methods,and innovate social administration by means of democratic consultation,public participation and performance evaluation.

Key words:service-oriented government;driving force for fulfilling duty;approaches to duty fulfilling

[英文编辑：曾文武]

Tujia Soldiers’Resistance against Japanese Pirates in Ming Dynasty:Genesis, Process,and the Factors for Their Victory

LI Liang-pin1,ZHANG Xin2

(1.Socio-Economic-Cultural Research Center of Wujiang River Valley,Yangtze Normal University,Chongqing 408100;2.School of Literature and Journalism,Yangtze Normal University,Chongqing 408100,China)

When facing Japanese pirates’robbing and looting which were seriously destroying social production of Ming Mynasty,the soldiers of Tujia nationality resolutely involved themselves in the resistance war against the pirates.During the three years of the resistance,they either fought against the pirates jointly with the soldiers of Guangxi or fought separately.In both cases,they were greatly victorious.Doubtlessly,their victories are attributed to the justice of the war,restrict discipline,excellent tactics and the unique weapons.

Ming Dynasty;soldiers of Tujian ethnic group;resistance against Japanese pirates

The Patriarchal Relations of Chieftain Regime of China and Their Influences --A Case Study of Zhuang Chieftain of Mo Family in Nandan,Guangxi

LI Chun-lian

(CPC Nandan County Committee,Hechi,Guangxi 547200,China)

Abstract:Based on consanguinity,patriarchal relations are the code of conduct for regulating intra-family relations and maintaining ruling position of the clan head as well as hereditary prestige.The Zhuang chieftain political power of Mo’s family in Nandan,Guangxi was the earliest and the most lasting local political power in the history of China’s chieftain system.It left a glorious and resplendent chieftain culture and played an important part in China’s chieftain development.From the perspective of patriarchal relations,the writer of this article analyzes the political power of Zhuang chieftain of Mo Family in Nandan,Guangxi in Song Dynasty and the influences,in the hope of giving a glimpse of the patriarchal relations and their influences on China’s chieftain political power as a whole.

Key words:chieftain system;patriarchal relations;Nandan;Mo’s family;Zhuang ethnic group

An Investigation of Chieftain System in Zhuoni Area and Its Cultural Value

SU Xiao-hong1，2

(1.Department of History and Culture,Gansu Teachers’ College for Nationalities,Hezuo,Gansu 747000;2. School of History and Culture,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou,Gansu 730000,China)

Abstract:Chieftain system was a local administration system for the central government in Ming and Qing dynasties to administrate minority areas.Chieftain was an official appointed by the central government to administrate“in accordance with the local customs”in carrying out the chieftain system.Chieftain of Zhuoni was the most typical among the chieftains of Gansu,Qinghai and even the whole northwestern area.It was the most lasting and influential chieftain with the vastest jurisdiction area among the major Tibetan chieftains in Gansu.In the long history,the chieftain system which lasted for hundreds of years had great influences on the politics, economy,military affairs and culture not only in the jurisdiction area,but also in the northwestern area and even the whole country.The writer of this article attempts to illustrate the establishment of chieftain system in Zhuoni and its development,in the hope of excavating more in-depth elements so as to disclose its rich cultural value and social value.

Key words:Chieftain system;Grand Temple in Zhuoni;chieftain culture;social value

The Construction of Shilongba Hydroelectric Station:Full Story,Historical Position and Influences

HUANG Quan-sheng1,YANG Ji-chao2
(1.History department,Fudan University,Shanghai 200433;2.Institute of History and Geography,Fudan University,Shanghai 200433,China)

Abstract:Built in 1910,Shilongba hydroelectric station in Yunnan is the first hydroelectric power station built completely by Chinese themselves.It was built when China was aggressed by western powers.Its construction was completed through the arduous efforts of people from all walks of life in Yunnan,with the appealing idea of saving the nation with local enterprises.The construction was influenced by the cultural tradition of attaching importance to water conservancy since the Sai Dianchi’governing of Yunnan in early Yuan Dynasty.Its construction accelerated the development of China’s hydropower and facilitated the cultivation and training of personnel in the industry.Its’spirit is a valueless cultural heritage for the Chinese nation.

Key words:Shilongba;construction;influences;status

The Continuation of China Merchants Steam Navigation Co.Ltd.in Rear Area during the Resistance War Against Japanese

GENG Mi1，2

(1.School of Administration,Southwest University of Political Science and Law,Chongqing 401120;2.Chongqing Research Center of Rear Area during Anti-Japanese War,Chongqing 400715,China)

Abstract:During the Resistance War against Japanese Aggression,China Merchants Steam Navigation Co. Ltd.,was a famous navigation enterprise in modern China.Because of the serious destruction by the war,it lost most of its property and,even worse,its headquarter once fell into the Japanese’s hand.However,it recovered its headquarter in the rear area and overcame various hardships and maintained the normal operation till the victory of the war.That period is of great significance in the history of China Merchants Steam Navigation Co.Ltd.

Key words:period of Anti-Japanese War;China Merchants Steam Navigation Co.Ltd;continuation

Damage to Farmers’Rights and Interests and Their Maintenance in the Circulation of Farming Land in the Wulingshan Region --A Case Study of Shizhu County,Chongqing

LI Bin,HOU Ai-xia,ZHANG Yu-juan

(School of Economy and Business Administration,Yangtze Normal University,Chongqing 408100,China)

Abstract:In farming land circulation,farmers’rights and interests have suffered serious damage resulting from their unclear knowledge of their rights,their limited free will,and the insecurity of their economic interests. The causes can be attributed to both the local government and the land contractors as well as the farmers themselves.In order to secure farmers’rights and interests,we should standardize the regulations of land circulation,improve the compensation mechanism of land acquisition,intensify the training of farmers and strengthen the social security system and service system for the farmers with their land acquired.

Key words:Wulingshan region;circulation of farming land;rights and interests;maintainance

The Relationship between the Local Political Power in Wuling Region and the Feudal Royal Court

DAI Chu-zhou

(Zhangjiajie Economy and Information Committee,Zhangjiajie,Hunan 427000,China)

Abstract:Since Wuling area was taken into the territory by Qin and Han dynasties,Imperial Court of every dynasty kept Wuling area under its control so that the social stability was maintained in the area.

Key words:subordination;domination;appeasement

Qianjiang City Valley:Excavating Value and Bringing Role into Play

YAO Yuan-he

(Qianjiang Branch,CPC Chongqing Party School,Chongqing 409000,China)

Abstract:Qianjiang City Valley in Chongqing is a nationally rare or even unique natural and human resource.It has a variety of functions such as natural aesthetics,ecological adjustment,cave exploration,rock climbing,folk custom experiencing,and moral influence.To build Qianjiang City Valley into the first national city-valley park is an effective route to Qianjiang’s city theme and characteristics of achieving “Oriental Luxemburg,China Valley City”,and is an important pair of tongs in carrying out the strategy of main function area.Meanwhile,it is a must to handle well the relationships between city-valley park and the surrounding mountains,waters,and landmarks,so that the city valley can be integrated with the building,nature and human being.

Key words:Qianjiang City Valley;value excavation;role playing;win-win

Types of Characters in the Novel Shaanxi Opera

MO Qi1，2

(1.School of Literature and Media,Shijiazhuang University,Shijiazhuang,Hebei 050035;2.Chinese Language and Literature College,Shaanxi Normal University,Xi’an,Shaanxi 710062,China)

Abstract:There are three types of characters in the novel Shaanxi Opera that form contradictions on three levels which express how thousands-year-old traditional Chinese agricultural society evolved from an enclosed state to disintegration.The writer’s naming of the characters expresses the aggressive attack of modernization against the tradition and the disintegration of traditional culture.In brief，Jia Pingwa expresses his confession towards his hometown by means of corresponding characters to their cultural condition.

Key words:Jia Pingwa;Shaanxi Opera;character types

Hai Rui’s Feeling of People’s Livelihood

ZENG Chao

(Yangtze Normal University,Chongqing 408100,China)

Abstract:Hai Rui was a most famous honest and upright official in Chinese history.All his conducts in daily life and his career were oriented to people’s livelihood,carrying forward the spirit of Confucian“policy of benevolence”and Legalist“ruling by law”，regarding people’s benefit as utmost priority.All these are a reflection of Hai Rui’s feeling of people’s livelihood,and an embodiment of his spirit of“putting people’s livelihood first”，which is worth our inheriting and carrying it forward so as to help us combat corruption and build a clean government and improve people’s livelihood in contemporary age.

Key words:Hai Rui;feeling of people’s livelihood;putting people’s livelihood first

Confucian Ideas about Disease in Zhou Dynasty

LV Jin-wei

(School of History and Culture,Central China University,Wuhan,Hubei 430079,China)

Abstract:Life and death have always been unavoidable in human life.Disease intervenes between life and death and it is a universal topic of human beings.Confucian wizards did not feel strange in treating disease,and their social roles made them gradually form a view about disease which had a strong color of interpersonal relationship.Stressing disease,actively preventing and treating disease,fighting against disease constituted the Confucian cognitive mapping about disease in Zhou Dynasty.

Key words:Zhou Dynasty；Confucian；disease prevention；disease treatment；malingering；sickness entrustment

Exploring the Driving Force and Approaches of Local Service-oriented Government in Fulfilling Its Duty

XU Tong-zhu

(School of Literature and Media,Hubei University for Nationalities,Enshi,Hubei 445000,China)

G645

A

1674-3652（2014）02-0134-03

2014-03-02

陈素琴，女，重庆垫江人，主要从事经济学及企业管理研究。