刘鑫 张晓煜 孟君仁 段文宜 孙世航 潘磊 曾文芳 王志强 牛良
摘 要:【目的】探究桃果皮叶绿素降解规律及叶绿素降解相关基因的表达情况,以期为桃果实成熟期及底色差异判定确定依据。【方法】以春美、2-50等不同桃品种/品系为研究对象,测量成熟前桃果实色差、叶绿素含量等指标,用荧光定量PCR检测叶绿素降解相关基因的表达情况,通过分析叶绿素与相关基因表达的关系,确定影响桃果皮叶绿素降解的关键因素。【结果】桃果实成熟前30 d叶绿素含量降低与PpCLH2、PpSGRL高表达有关。PpCLH1基因在桃果实转色时表达量升高。在果实成熟前8~0 d,果皮叶绿素降解,PpSGR基因表达量上调。PpSGR基因表达情况与春美、2-50、中桃7号的叶绿素含量呈显著负相关,是导致桃果实成熟时叶绿素降解的关键基因。【结论】成熟前12~8 d是桃果皮关键转色期,PpSGR可能是桃果实成熟前果皮叶绿素降解的关键基因,这对进一步解析桃果实发育过程中果皮叶绿素降解机制提供了一种新的思路,也为探索桃果实发育过程中叶绿素降解的分子机制提供参考。
关键词:桃;果皮;叶绿素降解;PpCLH1基因;PpSGR基因
中图分类号:S662.1 文献标志码:A 文章编号:1009-9980(2024)06-1054-10
Analysis of chlorophyll degradation and related gene expression in peach peel
LIU Xin1, 2, ZHANG Xiaoyu1, 2, MENG Junren1, 2, DUAN Wenyi1, 2, SUN Shihang1, 2, PAN Lei1, 2, ZENG Wenfang1, 2, WANG Zhiqiang1, 2, NIU Liang1, 2*
(1Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/National Peach & Grape Improvement Center, Zhengzhou 450009, Henan, China; 2Zhongyuan Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang, 453004, Henan, China)
Abstract: 【Objective】 Peach (Prunus persica), is one of the most important deciduous fruit trees in the world. The visual appeal of peach fruits, particularly their color, is a critical factor influencing consumer purchasing decisions. Chlorophyll content is important in determining the skin color and overall appearance of peaches. The precise role of chlorophyll degradation genes within the peach genome needs to fully understand, and their potential effects on chlorophyll breakdown in the peach peel and fruit ripening remain unclear. This study aimed to lay preliminary groundwork for understanding the ripening period and the underlying color differences in peach fruits by examining the color changes in the peach peels during the process of chlorophyll degradation, and the expression patterns of the genes related to the chlorophyll degradation. 【Methods】 Four peach varieties including Chunmei and 2-50 were chosen for this investigation. The color variations in the peach fruits prior to ripening were quantified using a colorimeter, and chlorophyll content was measured with a UV spectrophotometer. Although the primary chlorophyll degradation pathway has been identified, there are only limited researches on gene expression in the fruits. To fill this gap, quantitative transcription analysis was conducted, and the coding sequences (CDS) of relevant genes were sourced from genomic databases. The expression of the chlorophyll degradation-associated genes was quantified using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), and the correlation between the chlorophyll degradation and the gene expression was established through statistical analysis. 【Results】 The L* value of the peach fruit color difference index increased gradually from 30 to 16 days before ripening and then decreased as the fruit matured. All the varieties exhibited an S-type a* value trend, with a* experiencing a sharp rise from 23 to 12 days prior to ripening. During the 12 days before ripening, the green hue of the peach fruit faded, and changed to red and showed a continuous increase in the a* value. The a* value shifted from negative to positive or near zero from 12 to 8 days before ripening, signifying the pivotal period for color change. The b* value initially increased from 30 to 16 days before ripening and then decreased, and the yellow-fleshed varieties showed higher values than the white-fleshed ones. The chlorophyll content significantly decreased in all the varieties as the fruit developed, and a steep decline was observed in 30 and 16 days before maturity. From 12 to 8 days before ripening, the chlorophyll levels of the four varieties fell below 8 ?g·g-1, indicating visible coloring, though ripening was still not completed. The high expression levels of the PpCLH2 and the PpSGRL were detected 30 days before maturity when the fruit was entirely green. The expression levels decreased as the fruit ripened, while the PpCLH1 expression peaked during the critical period of incomplete coloring and color transformation, suggesting that it would play a pivotal role in the chlorophyll degradation. The PpPPH, PpPAO and PpRCCR genes showed increased expression from 8 to 0 days before ripening, while the PpSGR was significantly overexpressed as the fruit matured, indicating that it would play a primary role in the chlorophyll degradation. The gene cluster analysis and correlation studies further highlighted the significant and negative correlation between the PpSGR expression and the chlorophyll content, underscoring its key function during peach fruit ripening. 【Conclusion】 This research would provide novel insights into the expression of the genes related to the chlorophyll degradation and their relationship with the color change and the chlorophyll content in the peach peels. We identified that the period approximately 12 to 8 days before ripening would be critical for the color transition in the peach peels, and the PpCLH1 and PpSGR would be the key genes in the pre-ripening chlorophyll degradation process. These findings would not only enhance our understanding of the chlorophyll degradation throughout peach fruit development but also offer a valuable reference for future studies on the molecular mechanisms of the chlorophyll degradation in peaches.
Key words: Peach; Peel; Chlorophyll degradation; PpCLH1 gene; PpSGR gene
随着消费者购买力和消费观念的演变,果实大小、色泽、果面光洁度等外在品质已成为影响消费者购买决策的主要因素[1],其中果皮底色对果实外观有显著影响,桃果实色泽和香味直接影响其感官品质,也是影响消费者选择的重要因素[2]。
叶绿素是植物体的重要代谢产物[3],同样也是决定果皮底色的关键因素。叶绿素降解是植物叶片衰老和果实成熟的一个重要代谢过程,叶绿素由多步骤途径分解,其降解产生叶片变黄及果皮颜色变化,展现果实成熟的状态[4],所以全面、深入地了解叶绿素降解及其关键基因的调控机制,可以加深对桃果实成熟时色泽变化的理解。近年来,植物中叶绿素的主要降解途径已有较多的研究[5-6]。叶绿素降解途径中叶绿素b首先被NYC1和NOL两种同工酶还原生成7-羟甲基叶绿素a;随后,7-羟甲基叶绿素a被HCAR还原为叶绿素a[7];进而,叶绿素a被叶绿素酶(CLH)催化形成脱植基叶绿素[8],在金属螯合物作用下先除去镁离子生成脱镁叶绿素,生成的Pheina则在脱镁叶绿素酶(PPH)作用下除去植基[9];之后PAO能将脱镁基叶绿酸a(Pheidea)降解为不稳定的红色叶绿素代谢产物(RCC)后,最终在RCCR的催化下形成无色的初生荧光叶绿素代谢产物(pFCC)[10]。
PAO是控制叶绿素降解的重要基因[11-12],PAO催化的卟啉环氧化开环是叶绿素降解的关键步骤,因而这条降解途径被称为PAO降解途径。枣中ZjPAO1和ZjPAO2基因在果实不同发育阶段均有表达,并会随着果实发育表达量升高[13]。水稻中发现一个单碱基突变导致PAO编码蛋白变化,从而导致水稻中活性氧积累和叶绿素降解受阻[14]。SGR和SGRL基因是叶绿素降解调控途径中具有里程碑意义的基因。SGR与SGRL基因与叶绿素降解相关,可以通过招募叶绿素降解基因形成复合体,结合到光系统Ⅱ上,从而导致叶绿素降解。但相比于SGR,SGRL在植物衰老前表达量较高,随后表达量开始下降[15]。枳砧红绵蜜柚嫁接黄化苗中净光合速率、叶绿素含量降低,SGR表达量升高[16]。在小麦中发现在自然衰老7 d时CLH表达量升高,之后下降[17]。在大白菜中,MeJA处理显著诱导叶绿素降解相关基因BrPAO1、BrNYC1、BrPPH1和BrSGR1的表达[18]。在柑橘中发现,宗橙中CsSGRaSTOP丧失了降解叶绿素的功能,导致其果皮呈棕褐色[19]。在香蕉中发现MaERF012在果肉和果皮中差异表达,并与果实成熟密切相关,MaERF012激活叶绿素降解基因MaSGR的表达从而导致香蕉果皮叶绿素降解[20]。拟南芥在叶片自然衰老过程中,CCGs剧烈上调表达且CCEs蛋白逐渐累积,导致衰老细胞中叶绿素的大量降解[21]。
桃果皮色泽是影响食用价值和经济价值的重要因素之一,叶绿素降解及相关基因调控在部分物种中有一定的研究,但在桃中叶绿素降解及相关基因的表达规律尚未见报道[22]。笔者在本研究中通过荧光定量技术对4个桃品种/品系果皮叶绿素降解基因表达规律进行研究,并系统分析了叶绿素降解相关基因表达规律与叶绿素水平和色差之间的关系。
1 材料和方法
1.1 试验材料
以4个不同成熟期的桃品种/品系春美、2-50、中蟠102、中桃7号为研究材料(图1),其中,春美和2-50在6月中旬成熟,中蟠102和中桃7号分别在7月上旬和8月上旬成熟。供试材料来自中国农业科学院郑州果树研究所桃品种圃,株行距为1.0 m×4.0 m,2017年定植,常规管理。2022年5—8月,于果实成熟前30 d开始,采摘树体外围中上部大小均匀、无病虫害、成熟度一致的果实30个,带回实验室使用尼康700d相机于自然光下以黑色植绒布为背景拍照。以10个果实为1个样本,取样进行3次重复,取样间隔7 d,在果实转色期每隔4 d取样1次,削取表皮进行液氮速冻,保存至-80 ℃冰箱备用。
1.2 色差检测
用色差仪(美能达CR-400,柯尼卡美能达)评价果皮底色,颜色用CIE a*、b*标尺表示。随机选取果实赤道区域的四个不同点取平均值,记录a*和b*值[23-24]。
1.3 叶绿素含量测定
桃果皮叶绿素含量采用紫外分光光度法测定[25-26]。取去离子水清洗过的桃果皮0.4 g,用研磨机磨碎,放入10 mL离心管中,加入6 mL 95%乙醇溶液,避光提取叶绿素至果皮完全变白。分别测定叶绿素溶液在665 nm和649 nm波长下的吸光度,通过公式1~3计算叶绿素含量(w,后同):
1.4 RNA提取
根据多糖多酚植物总RNA提取试剂盒(DP441,天根生化科技有限公司,北京,中国)说明书提取桃总RNA。利用1%琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测RNA的质量和纯度,取1 ?L RNA利用微量紫外分光光度计NanoDrop2000(Thermo Scientific,麻省)测定浓度。取1 ng RNA参照FastKing cDNA第一链合成试剂盒说明书(天根生化科技有限公司,北京,中国)进行反转录,放置在-20 ℃冰箱保存进行后续的实时荧光定量PCR。
1.5 实时荧光定量检测
从基因组数据库(https://phytozome-next.jgi.doe.gov/)下载相关基因的CDS(Coding sequence,编码序列);利用NCBI网站(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/tools/primer-blast/index.cgi?LINK_LOC=BlastHome)设计特异性荧光定量引物,引物长度在20 bp左右,GC含量为40%~60%,引物Tm值为58 ℃~62 ℃,扩增片段大小为80~150 bp;PCR体系为15.1 ?L:cDNA 1 ?L、Mix 7.5 ?L、引物F 0.3 ?L、引物R 0.3 ?L、水6 ?L。PCR程序设置为:95 ℃预变性5 min;95 ℃变性30 s、60 ℃退火30 s、72 ℃延伸30 s,扩增循环数为40,设置3次技术重复。引物序列见表1。实时荧光定量PCR所用的仪器为罗氏480,所用试剂盒为SYBR Real-time PCR Premixtur(eBiotake)。选取Actin(ppa007228mg)为桃内参基因[27],最后按照2-ΔΔCT方法进行结果计算[28]。
1.6 数据分析
试验数据用SPSS软件分析,用Excel 2003软件制作图表。
2 结果与分析
2.1 桃果实发育后期果皮色差变化规律
2.1.1 a*值的变化 4个品种/品系a*值(图2)均呈现为S形,在成熟前23~12 d色差a*上升较快。在果实成熟前12 d,桃果实绿色不断减弱,果实开始着红色,色差a*值不断上升。在成熟前12~8 d,4个品种果实色差a*值均由负转正或接近于0,认为此时是果实重要的转色期。
2.1.2 b*值的变化 中蟠102和中桃7号果实b*值(图3)在成熟前30~16 d升高,之后随着果实发育不断下降。春美和2-50果实b*值在成熟前30~23 d升高,随后快速下降。春美、2-50、中桃7号在果实成熟时b*值为20~30。
2.2 果实发育后期叶绿素含量变化
4个品种/品系的叶绿素含量(图4)随着果实的发育表现出明显的下降趋势,叶绿素含量在成熟前30~16 d快速下降。在果实成熟前12~8 d,各品种的叶绿素含量(w)均在8 μg·g-1以下,从图1可以看到这时各品种有明显着色,但果实着色还不完全。在果实成熟前8 d至果实成熟,4个桃品种/品系的叶绿素含量下降较为缓慢。中蟠102和2-50在成熟前8 d时叶绿素含量与成熟时的叶绿素含量差异不大。
2.3 果实发育后期叶绿素降解相关基因的表达分析
通过实时荧光定量PCR方法,测定了4个桃品种/品系中与叶绿素降解相关的10个基因(PpNYC1、PpNOL、PpHCAR、PpCLH1、PpCLH2、PpPPH、PpPAO、PpRCCR、PpSGR、PpSGRL)的表达量,并绘制热图进行聚类分析。如图5所示,PpCLH1、PpPPH、PpPAO、PpRCCR、PpSGR、PpSGRL基因在春美材料中高表达,PpNYC1在中蟠102中的表达量较高,PpNOL在中桃7号中表达量最高,PpCLH2则在中蟠102和中桃7号高表达,而PpHCAR在4个桃品种/品系中无明显表达差异。
不同时间段内,每个基因的表达量通常会随着果实发育不断变化。PpNYC1在中蟠102中成熟前4 d时有升高,PpNOL在中桃7号中明显先上调后下调,PpSGRL在中桃7号成熟前12 d有短暂升高。PpHCAR、PpPPH、PpPAO、PpRCCR随着果实发育在成熟前12~4 d表达量上升,在果实成熟时表达量下降,PpHCAR、PpRCCR在3个桃品种/品系中无明显差异,在2-50中表达模式有所不同。PpPPH和PpPAO在春美中分别在成熟前8 d和成熟前4 d有明显升高。
由图5可知,在4个桃品种/品系中,PpCLH1基因在成熟前12~8 d时间段内的表达量高于其他基因,在果实成熟时表达量迅速下降,因为此时果实处于转色的关键期,因此推断PpCLH1基因可能是桃果实转色时的重要调控基因。随着果实发育,果皮叶绿素降解,果实完全成熟,PpSGR基因的表达量显著升高。进一步推测PpSGR基因有可能也是桃果实成熟前造成4个桃品种/品系叶绿素降解的主要基因。
根据聚类分析结果(图6)在春美和2-50中PpSGR与PpCLH1、PpPPH聚为一类,在中蟠102和中桃7号中PpSGR与PpCLH1、PpRCCR聚为一类。在春美和中蟠102中PpSGRL和PpCLH2聚为一类,在2-50和中桃7号中PpSGRL、PpNYC1和PpCLH2聚为一类。因此PpSGRL、PpNYC1和PpCLH2可能是果实早期叶绿素降解的关键基因,PpSGR与PpCLH1、PpPPH、PpRCCR可能是桃果实成熟前造成不同桃品种/品系叶绿素降解差异的主要基因。
对叶绿素含量与其降解基因进行相关性分析(表2),发现PpCLH2基因表达与春美和2-50中叶绿素含量呈显著正相关,PpSGR与春美、中桃7号的叶绿素含量呈显著负相关,PpSGRL与春美、2-50、中蟠102的叶绿素含量呈显著正相关。
qRT-PCR分析结果表明,成熟前12~8 d时,PpCLH1、PpPAO基因的表达量显著。而PpSGR基因在果实成熟时表达量明显上调,聚类分析显示在春美和2-50中PpSGR与PpCLH1、PpPPH聚为一类,在中蟠102和中桃7号中PpSGR与PpCLH1、PpRCCR聚为一类。相关性分析显示PpSGR与春美、中桃7号的叶绿素含量呈显著负相关。初步表明PpCLH1、PpSGR基因是果实成熟前4个桃品种/品系果皮叶绿素降解的关键基因。
3 讨 论
长期以来,CLH被认为是参与叶绿素降解的第一种酶,与叶绿素的降解密切相关。有研究表明,乙烯处理的柑橘果皮中CLH酶活力提高了2.5~4倍,同时果皮明显褪绿[29]。樊艳燕等[30]发现BoCLH1(叶绿素酶1)在青花菜初始时检测到有较高表达,后期表达量很低,试验结果表明BoCLH1主要在青花菜初始衰老中起降解叶绿素的作用。胡椒中发现叶绿素酶活性与叶绿素含量之间存在负相关关系,并在收获后的衰老过程中促进叶绿素的降解[31]。笔者在本试验中发现,桃PpCLH1在果实成熟过程中表达量先升高后下降,在果实成熟前12~8 d表达量较高,此时也是果实转色的关键时期,因此PpCLH1可能是桃果实转色时叶绿素降解的关键基因。在草地早熟禾叶片衰老时,CLH基因的表达会导致叶绿素降解[32]。在荔枝中成熟过程中LcCLH表达量先升高后下降,LcPAO、LcSGR的表达量随着果实发育逐渐升高,相比于叶绿素降解更彻底的糯米滋,妃子笑中LcCLH、LcPAO、LcSGR的表达量明显更低[33]。
在高等植物中,脱镁叶绿酸a氧化酶(PAO)基因表达量和酶活性的变化与叶绿素含量降解有关[12]。此外SGR普遍参与了植物叶片衰老过程中叶绿素分解,也在植物其他器官的生长发育中有重要作用,如果实成熟和发育[34]。在大豆成熟前PPH、PAO、SGR三个基因相对表达量显著提高(p<0.05),并且在褪绿材料科丰14中的表达量远高于滞绿材料北农108中的表达量,因此推测叶绿素降解基因PPH、PAO、SGR表达量低是北农108滞绿的重要原因之一[35]。在本试验中PpPPH和PpPAO在春美中分别在8 DBM和4 DBM有明显升高,在其他4个品种/品系中也都有明显升高。雷波脐橙及其早熟单株果实也发现PAO在果实各发育时期都有稳定表达,CLH、PPH、NYC1、SGR1的表达先上调后下调[36]。青瓯柑和瓯柑的试验结果表明在花后210 d、240 d,瓯柑中NYC1、CLH、PPH、PAO、SGR的表达量均高于青瓯柑,差异显著,这可能是青瓯柑叶绿素降解缓慢的原因[37]。笔者在本研究中通过聚类分析,在春美和2-50中PpSGR与PpCLH1、PpPPH聚为一类,在中蟠102和中桃7号中PpSGR与PpCLH1、PpRCCR聚为一类。这说明在桃中叶绿素降解受多个叶绿素降解基因的影响。
大豆中GmSGR丢失可能导致大豆种子从黄色变为绿色[38]。拟南芥在叶片衰老过程中,SGR1正向介导叶绿素降解,而过表达SGRL的拟南芥植物表现出早期叶片黄变[15]。叶绿素降解导致桃果皮褪绿是桃果实成熟最明显的标志之一。有研究表明SlSGR1在调节番茄叶片和果实的叶绿素降解中起着关键作用[39]。与野生型(WT)果实相比,SlSGR1敲除无效系明显显示出混浊的棕色,叶绿素水平明显更高[17],表明SlSGR1影响叶绿素降解。笔者课题组发现PpSGR基因在果实成熟时表达量较高,并且春美、中桃7号叶绿素含量与PpSGR表达量呈负相关,所以PpSGR是桃果实成熟期叶绿素降解的关键调控基因。目前在其他物种中叶绿素降解基因的表达规律与功能的研究已经有很多,但在桃中还少见报道。因此,进一步解析桃中叶绿素降解基因调控果实成熟前叶绿素降解的机制具有重要意义。
4 结 论
桃果实成熟前12~8 d是桃果实关键的转色期,此时PpCLH1基因相比绿色时有明显上调。在果实成熟前8~0 d,随着果皮叶绿素降解,PpSGR表达量上升,表明PpSGR是桃果实成熟前叶绿素降解的关键基因。本研究为探索桃果实发育过程中叶绿素降解的分子机制提供了参考。
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收稿日期:2024-01-04 接受日期:2024-03-25
基金项目:国家桃产业技术体系(CARS-30);中国农业科学院科技创新工程专项经费项目(CAAS-ASTIP-2023-ZFRI);河南省重大公益科技专项(201300110500)
作者简介:刘鑫,男,在读硕士研究生,研究方向为果树遗传育种。E-mail:82101212241@caas.cn
*通信作者 Author for correspondence. E-mail:niuliang@caas.cn