宋银花 李永洲 贺亮亮 章鹏 刘三军
摘 要:中葡萄18号是以无核紫、玫瑰香杂交育种结合无核胚挽救技术选育出的无核晚熟新品种。该品种自然坐果平均单穗质量600 g,平均单粒质量7.3 g,果粒长椭圆形,紫色或紫红色,可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)18.0%,总糖含量16.2%,总酸含量3.06 g·kg-1,糖酸比达到54∶1,单宁含量686 mg·kg-1,风味甜香,品质上等。在河南郑州露地栽培成熟期为9月初。该品种树势中庸,适宜避雨栽培。
关键词:无核葡萄;新品种;中葡萄18号;晚熟
中图分类号:S663.1 文献标志码:A 文章编号:1009-9980(2024)06-1243-04
A new seedless late-maturing table grape cultivar Zhongputao No. 18
SONG Yinhua, LI Yongzhou, HE Liangliang, ZHANG Peng, LIU Sanjun*
(Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, Henan, China)
Abstract: Seedless grape is convenient to eat and easy to make raisins. Because of these characteristics, seedless breeding becomes more and more important. According to this tendency, we have cultivated a new table grape variety Zhongputao No. 18, which is a new seedless and late-ripening table grape cultivar with excellent quality. It was derived from the cross between Wuhezi as the female parent and Muscat Hamburg as the pollen. The cross was made in spring of 2003. By embryo rescue technology, tissue culture seedlings were obtained. Next year the seedlings were cultivated in a greenhouse, and then planted in the nursery. It was initially selected in 2006 for its good quality. After observation for several years, it was characterized by seedless, high quality, good appearance and storage, and mid-resistance. After regional adaptability trial in different sites, it was finally selected in 2018. We applied for the registration as a new cultivar, and it was put on records by the Henan Province Committee for Forest Variety Validation in 2020. Zhongputao No. 18 belongs to Vitis vinifera. The vine vigor is medium, young canes are green with red stripe, mature canes are reddish-brown, canes are round, and the surface of canes has pinstripe. The length of internode is middle, ordinarily 6-11 cm long. Young sprout of growth potential is medium. The young leaves are aubergine, glossy and less villi, mature leaves are heart-shaped, leaf color is green, and leaves are flat and medium thickness. The cultivar has hermaphrodite flower and the first inflorescence is usually borne on the 4th or 5th node. The shape of cluster is conicalness, there is no pair of ear, and the natural fruit bunch weight is 600 g averagely with the length and width being 20 cm and 12 cm, respectively. The bunch is loose and tidy. The berry is purple red and long ellipse, average weight is 7.3 g, and the longitudinal diameter and transverse diameter are 2.1 cm and 1.5 cm, respectively. The berry is crisp with middle juice and pleasant sweetness and sourness. The soluble solids content is 18.0%, total sugar content is 16.2%, and titration acid content is 3.06 g·kg-1. The content of tannin is 686 mg·kg-1, and the content of vitamin C is 5.76 mg·kg-1. The flavor is sweet, and the quality is good. In Zhengzhou area, the time of budbreak is at the beginning of April, and flowering at mid May, and the berries mature at the beginning of September. The yield is about 22.5 tons per hectare. The grapevine has strong pathogen resistance, but has weak resistance to downy mildew. This grape variety has good yield, good storage capacity and high adaptability. In order to produce high quality grape berries, the cultivar can use the Y shape frame and spur pruning technique. This grape behaves well on the sandy soil, clay and alluvium of the Yellow River. Balanced application of both organic and chemical fertilizers is based on every vine germination and development stage. Zhongputao No. 18 has a wide adaptability, which can be cultivated in the most areas of Henan province, and similar climate and geographical areas.
Key words: Seedless grape; New cultivar; Zhongputao No. 18; Late-maturing
葡萄产量高,营养丰富,适应性强,易于栽植,是分布在中国各地最广且具有重要经济价值的果树。根据国际葡萄与葡萄酒组织数据,2022年中国葡萄种植面积达78.5万hm2,占世界种植面积的10.8%,位居世界第三。随着葡萄产业的迅速发展,消费者对鲜食葡萄的商品性要求越来越高。其中无核葡萄,食用方便,适宜制干,是葡萄鲜食和制干产业关注的重点[1]。传统选育无核品种以有核×无核的方式,杂交后代的无核率低于15%,且育种周期长。胚挽救技术的出现使得无核葡萄作母本成为可能,在缩短育种周期的同时提高了杂交后代的无核率,为葡萄无核育种提供了一种更有效的新方法。随着对无核性状遗传规律的深入研究和胚挽救技术的成熟应用,新的无核品种不断出现[2-3]。为适应这一趋势,中国农业科学院郑州果树研究所以选育无核、大粒的葡萄新品种为主要目标,采用无核胚挽救的方法,经过多年工作,选育出葡萄优良无核新品种中葡萄18号(图1)。
1 选育经过
2003年5月配置杂交组合,以无核紫为母本,玫瑰香为父本,进行常规杂交育种。6月中旬将未败育的杂交胚进行胚挽救,获得组培苗。当年9月或翌年3月在温室开始炼苗,5月杂交苗定植于大田苗圃。2006年杂交单株开始结果,经过多年筛选和鉴定,3-6-4因综合性状优良被初步选作优株。随后在河南商丘、洛阳等地区进行栽培,该优株丰产性好,性状稳定,果粒大,紫色,残核。对病害抗性中等偏强,果实较耐贮运。初步定名为中葡萄18号。2020年12月获得河南省林木品种审定委员会颁发的证书(编号:豫S-SV-VV-009-2020)[4]。
2 主要性状
2.1 植物学特征
中葡萄18号树势中庸偏强,枝条表面有细条纹,节间长度6~11 cm,粗度0.4~0.6 cm。新梢生长势中庸,副梢萌发力、生长力中等偏强。成龄叶平展心形。两性花,自交结实,每个新梢有1~2个花序,第一花序在枝条的第4~5节[5]。
2.2 果实经济性状
中葡萄18号果穗形状圆柱形,果穗无岐肩,无副穗,果穗长度20 cm,宽度12 cm,自然坐果平均单穗质量600 g,果穗疏散,不紧凑。果粒大小均匀,长椭圆形,果皮紫色或紫红色。果粒纵横径2.1 cm×1.5 cm,果粒平均质量7.3 g。果实皮薄,不易剥离,果粉厚。果肉质地脆,无肉囊。果汁无色,汁液较多。果皮没有涩味。果刷较长,抗拉力强。果实无核或残核。果实风味甜香,品质优良。中葡萄18号可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)18.0%(表1),可溶性总糖含量16.2%,每100 g果肉中维生素C含量为5.76 mg,总酸含量3.06 g·kg-1,单宁含量686 mg·kg-1。
2.3 生长结果习性
中葡萄18号绝大多数芽眼可以萌发,萌发率超过80%,每个结果母枝平均有1.6穗果。果粒大小整齐,成熟度一致,不易脱粒。果实成熟后,挂树可以达到1个月,果粒不收缩,没有皱褶。
中葡萄18号幼苗定植在肥沃的土壤中,2~3 a(年)即可进入结果盛期,第3年每666.7 m2产量可以达到2000 kg,形成有效的经济产量。
2.4 主要物候期
根据近几年对中葡萄18号物候期的观察,在河南郑州地区,每年4月初开始萌发,5月中旬抽穗开花,盛花后果实快速膨大,7月底至8月初果实进入转色期,9月初果实成熟。
2.5 适应性及抗病性
中葡萄18号属于欧亚种,在避雨栽培条件下,抗病性较强;但果实采摘后,如遇多雨年份,要及时防治霜霉病,因霜霉病导致叶片脱落或烂掉,对第二年花芽分化及产量都有影响。
3 栽培技术要点
3.1 建园及种植密度
建园首先应选择在光照资源、热资源充足,地下水位低,空气流通,昼夜温度相差较大,肥沃疏松的砂壤土;其次园地应建立在交通便利的地方,产出的葡萄能及时运出去;第三要根据当地的自然条件,充分利用有利的小气候。
苗木定植前,采用挖掘机开深、宽60~80 cm的定植沟,表土和心土分开两边放置,晾晒一段时间,沟底先回填小麦、玉米秸秆等有机物、腐熟的猪牛羊粪等,然后放入表土,心土最后填入,浇水下沉。
苗木栽植密度,需要根据当地气候条件,因地制宜选择适宜的架式。冬季寒冷,需要下架埋土防寒的地区,采用篱架和棚架,篱架栽培密度每666.7 m2为150~333株,行株距为(2.0~3.0)m×(1.0~1.5)m;棚架栽培密度每666.7 m2为67~150株,株行距为(1.5~2.1)m×(3.0~5.1)m;冬季葡萄栽培,不需要下架防寒也能安全越冬的地方,采用T形架栽培,栽培密度每666.7 m2为150株,行株距3 m×(1.0~1.5)m。
3.2 整形修剪与花果管理
冬季修剪主要采用2~3芽短梢修剪,及时回缩,更新结果枝蔓,疏除病弱残枝。夏季修剪及时疏除夏芽副梢,除去郁闭枝条,疏除主蔓萌蘖。中葡萄18号芽眼易萌发,枝条容易着生果穗,每一结果枝条平均有1.6穗果,极易丰产。春季风和日丽,大风天气少的地方,可以在开花前对花序进行整理,每个结果枝保留1穗果,初步整成10~15 cm的圆柱形。环境条件相对恶劣的地方,需要结合当地自然条件,适当推迟花穗整理时间。果实膨大后,对果粒进行整理,去除病残畸形果,果实套袋前均匀浸蘸或喷洒抑霉唑、苯醚甲环唑、氟硅唑等药剂,待药剂彻底风干后,即可套袋。转色后及时去袋,铺设反光膜,以便果实充分着色。
3.3 肥水管理
中葡萄18号成花容易,极易丰产,对肥水要求较高。每年10月开沟施入腐熟的有机肥作为基肥,每666.7 m2施3.5~5.0 t;葡萄萌芽前,施入尿素或复合肥;花前花后,施磷酸二铵;果粒转色期间,施入磷酸二氢钾或硫酸钾。果实采收后,根据树相诊断,合理施用叶面肥,可以施用尿素、磷酸二氢钾、微量元素肥料等。
生产上常用的毛叶苕子、紫花苜蓿及其他牧草种植于葡萄行间,夏秋时节或者结合秋施基肥,深翻于土壤中,改良土壤,提高土壤有机质含量。
根据葡萄需水明显的阶段特异性,从萌芽到开花需水日渐增加,花后至开始成熟是需水最多的时期,幼果第一次迅速膨大期对水分胁迫最为敏感,进入成熟期后,对水分需求变少、变缓。密切监视土壤墒情,合理浇水,特别是在水分敏感期要保证水分的充足供应。采收前10 d内不宜浇水,以防风味变淡。
3.4 病虫害防治
中葡萄18号为中晚熟品种,河南省立秋前后雨水多,湿度大,应做好葡萄霜霉病的防治,保证叶片的完好。结合冬季修剪清园,全园喷施石硫合剂,减少越冬病虫害基数,生长期针对不同病虫害的发生规律,进行针对性防治。
4 综合评价
中葡萄18号是一个晚熟、无核大粒葡萄新品种,抗病性与适应性较强,花果管理简单,栽培技术简约,果实品质优良,适合河南省以及与河南生态环境基本一致的地区栽培。
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收稿日期:2024-01-04 接受日期:2024-03-25
基金项目:中国农业科学院科技创新工程(CAAS-ASTIP-2023-ZFRI);国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项资金项目(CARS-29-18)
作者简介:宋银花,女,助理研究员,主要从事葡萄育种及配套栽培技术研究。Tel:0371-65330969,E-mail:songyinhua@caas.cn
*通信作者 Author for correspondence. Tel:0371-55906976,E-mail:liusanjun@caas.cn