王小贝 连晓东 张海朋 程钧 王伟 侯楠 张郎郎 郑先波 冯建灿 谭彬
摘 要:豫黄1号是以水蜜桃类型的鲜食黄肉桃品种黄水蜜为母本,以半矮生油桃新品种中油桃14号为父本通过杂交选育的半矮生黄肉鲜食桃新品种。该品种果面干净,茸毛稀少,离核,易剥皮。平均单果质量226.7 g,最大单果质量289 g。果肉黄色,软溶质,风味酸甜,香味浓郁,可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)12.1%。萌芽力和成枝力中等,树势中庸,为半矮生类型。大花型,5瓣,花粉多,育性强。在郑州地区果实7月中旬成熟,果实发育期125 d左右,适宜河南桃产区及类似生态条件地区栽培。
关键词:桃;新品种;豫黄1号;半矮生;黄肉
中图分类号:S662.1 文献标志码:A 文章编号:1009-9980(2024)06-1239-04
A new semi-dwarf, mid-ripening and yellow-fleshed fresh peach cultivar Yuhuang 1
WANG Xiaobei1, 2, LIAN Xiaodong1, 2, ZHANG Haipeng1, 2, CHENG Jun1, 2, WANG Wei1, 2, HOU Nan1, 2, ZHANG Langlang1, 2, ZHENG Xianbo1, 2, FENG Jiancan1, 2*, TAN Bin1, 2*
(1College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, China; 2Henan Engineering and Technology Center for Peach Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, China)
Abstract: Peach (Prunus persica L.) is one of the most important fruit crops, and the cultivation area in China ranks the first in the world. The cultivation mode, fruit yield and quality are directly related to tree architecture. According to tree height and branch angle, peach tree architecture could be divided into standard, compact, semi-dwarf, dwarf, pillar, upright, weeping, broom and curved twig. The standard peach tree is applied in the main cultivars that require more labor input due to its excessive vegetative growth. Therefore, breeding varieties suitable for labor-saving cultivation has attracted the main attention of breeders. Yuhuang 1 is a mid-ripening, semi-dwarf and yellowed-fleshed fresh peach, deriving from a cross between Huangshuimi and Zhongyoutao14. The female parent Huangshuimi is an early-ripening, standard and yellow-fleshed fresh peach, and the male parent Zhongyoutao 14 is an early-ripening and semi-dwarf nectarine. In May of 2013, 86 hybrid seedlings were planted in the research orchard of the Henan Agricultural University in Zhengzhou at the spacing of 3 meters between rows and 1 meter between trees in a row. Three consecutive years observation indicated that among the 86 hybrids, 34 hybrids represented semi-dwarf growing habit. In 2015, 34 semi-dwarf hybrids began to flower and fruit, and through three years observation on main fruit economic characteristics, 12-7-16, 12-7-6, 12-7-83, 12-6-12, 12-6-15, 12-6-19 and 12-6-20 were chosen as the superior individual tree. Among the 7 superior trees, 12-7-6 showed mid-ripening, semi-dwarf and yellow-fleshed fruit with aromatic flavour and the main fruit economic characteristics were better. Then the 12-7-6 was named Yuhuang 1 and was top-grafted in the autumn. The regional adaptability testing (from 2018 to 2022) was carried out in three sites including Zhengzhou, Xinyang and Xinxiang of Henan province. Huangshuimi was used as the control cultivar. Comparing with Huangshuimi, Yuhuang 1 exhibited semi-dwarf growing habit with small branch growth, and the tree height was nearly 2/3 of the control cultivar Huangshuimi and the main fruit economic characteristics of Yuhuang 1 were better. The ripening date of Yuhuang 1 in Henan was in mid-July, 7 d latter than Huangshuimi. The average leaf length and width of Yuhuang 1 are 15.4 cm and 3.4 cm respectively, with lliptic-lanceolate and about 1 to 2 reniform leaf glands. The fruit is big and oval with two symmetrical halves, and has a bulge top exhibiting as olecranon with shallow cavity and the suture. Under the bagging cultivation condition, the fruit peel showed beautiful bright yellow color covering nearly 100% fruit surface area and the fruit peel could be easily peeled and the core is freestone. The average fruit weight is 226.7 g, with the maximum fruit weight of 289 g. The fruit flesh is yellow. The average soluble solids content is 12.1%. The average total sugar and total acid contents are 11.8% and 0.29%, respectively. The average vitamin content is higher than Huanghsuimi with 16.5 mg·100 g-1 in Yuhuang 1. Henan province and other area with similar climate would be the suitable cultivation area for Yuhuang 1, which was granted the new variety certification by the Variety Approval Committee of Henan Province in 2022 (S-SV-PP-007-2022).
Key words: Peach; New cultivar; Yuhuang 1; Semi-dwarf; Yellow flesh
桃(Prunus persica L.)是世界最重要的经济果树之一,原产中国,栽培面积大,种质资源丰富,依据树高和分枝角度可分为普通型、矮化型、半矮化型、柱型、直立型等[1]。果园生产成本主要集中在生产资料、交通运输和劳动力的投入等。因桃树萌芽率高、成枝力强,新梢生长量大,需冬剪和多次夏剪(剪除树冠的70%以上),树体修剪成为劳动力成本的最主要构成因素,直接决定果品生产的经济效益,也成为桃产业发展的瓶颈问题[2-3]。因此,培育适于轻简化栽培的桃新品种迫在眉睫。
针对中国桃栽培现状及市场需求,笔者确定了省力化、黄肉、优质的育种目标。利用杂交育种手段,选育出中熟半矮生鲜食黄肉桃豫黄1号。与生产上主栽的普通型桃相比,半矮生型桃萌芽率和成枝力较低,整形修剪省工省时[4]。该品种的果实发育期为125 d左右,品质优,果个大,遗传稳定,深受广大消费者欢迎,于2022年通过河南省林木品种审定委员会审定。
1 选育过程
2012年以水蜜桃类型的早熟鲜食黄肉桃品种黄水蜜为母本,早熟半矮生白肉油桃品种中油桃14号为父本[5],进行杂交授粉,6月下旬获得571个杂交果实,取出种子用于胚培养,共接种种胚496个。冷库低温处理2个月,同年10月将胚培苗移栽到温室进行培养。2013年4月,杂种苗炼苗后以1 m × 3 m的株行距定植于河南农业大学三区园艺试验站(郑州)。最终获得生长健壮杂交实生苗86株,其中34株在苗期呈现萌芽力中等、成枝力弱等特点,符合半矮生植株特性。2015年34株半矮生单株全部开花结果,经过连续3年果实性状的调查鉴定,有7株半矮生杂种苗(豫农12-7-16、豫农12-7-6、豫农12-7-83、豫农12-6-12、豫农12-6-15、豫农12-6-19、豫农12-6-20)被选为优良单株。其中豫农12-7-6果实成熟期在7月10日左右,半矮生,果肉黄色,软溶质,风味酸甜,香味浓郁,被复选为优良单株,并命名为豫黄1号(图1)。2018年开始在信阳罗山、郑州惠济区和新乡原阳等地进行区域性和生产性试验,豫农12-7-6各试验地区的树体均表现为半矮生型,个体性状遗传稳定,果实经济性状良好。与对照品种黄水蜜相比,枝条年生长量60 cm,显著短于对照黄水蜜(120 cm),冬剪和夏剪用工量明显减少,可节省果园人力物力投入;成熟期较黄水蜜晚一周,果肉黄色,软溶质,风味酸甜,香味浓郁,2022年通过河南省林木品种审定委员会审定(良种编号:豫S-SV-PP-007-2022)。
2 主要性状
2.1 植物学特征
豫黄1号新梢在5月中旬前生长缓慢,平均节间长度0.4 cm,新梢生长量小(图2-A);5月中旬之后,节间开始正常伸长,平均节间长度在1.8 cm(图2-A),树体高度为普通型的2/3左右(图2-B)。叶片大,长椭圆披针形,叶片平均长15.4 cm,宽3.4 cm,颜色绿,叶缘钝锯齿,缺刻深浅中等,叶基部楔形,先端渐尖。叶柄具腺体1~2个。大花型,5瓣,花粉多。
2.2 果实主要经济性状
豫黄1号果实圆形,顶端凸,并呈鹰嘴状,缝合线深浅中等,两侧对称,成熟度一致(图3);果个大,纵、横、侧径分别为8.9 cm、7.4 cm和7.3 cm,平均单果质量226.7 g。果面茸毛稀少,果皮底色金黄;完全成熟时果面着红晕。果肉黄色,软溶质,果实酸甜可口,果肉细嫩,香味浓,品质佳,平均可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)12.1%,总糖含量11.8%,总酸含量0.29%,维生素C含量16.5 mg·100 g-1。离核(表1)。
2.3 生长结果习性
豫黄1号为半矮生类型,树势中庸,萌发率和成枝力均居中,新梢生长量小,可用于省力化栽培模式。豫黄1号丰产期早,定植当年就可成花,第2年见果,第3年每666.7 m2产量可超过1000 kg,5年生树每666.7 m2产量可超过2500 kg。该品种盛果期各类果枝均可结果。
2.4 物候期
在郑州地区,豫黄1号在2月底—3月初萌芽,初花期为3月20日左右,盛花期在3月25日左右,末花期在3月底—4月初,果实在7月中旬成熟。9月底枝条停止生长,11月上旬开始落叶,11月中旬完全落叶,进入休眠。生育期为250 d左右。
2.5 抗逆性和栽培适应性
豫黄1号为中熟品种,且对蚜虫、桃小食心虫、桃蛀螟、白粉病、细菌穿孔病等桃树常见病虫害抗性较强。花芽抗寒能力强,在区试各地未发现花芽受冻;并能抵抗花期的不良气候,丰产性强。
3 栽培技术要点
3.1 建园定植
豫黄1号花粉可育性强,无需配置授粉树。因豫黄1号为半矮生类型,生产上推荐宽行密植,可采用(1.0~1.5)m×(4.0~5.0)m的株行距,按主干形整枝,以实现早期丰产。也可根据地形地貌、土壤肥力和对早期产量的要求,选择适宜的栽植密度。
3.2 整形修剪
豫黄1号主干形每株仅留1个永久性主干枝,结果枝围绕主干螺旋状排列。豫黄1号树势中等,树姿半开张,夏剪任务较轻;冬剪宜轻,以维持树体良好的通风透光条件。
3.3 肥水管理
豫黄1号桃丰产性好,进入丰产期后应注意增施有机肥,以保证果实的大小、风味以及营养品质。从5月下旬开始,每10 d喷施1次0.3%的NaH2PO4,并在采果前20 d停止喷施;于9—10月施入基肥。果实采收前15 d以内不宜浇水,以保证果实品质和贮藏能力。
3.4 花果管理
豫黄1号成花易,结实率高,为保证果实产量和品质,应严格疏花疏果。在初花期疏除基部发育差的花蕾、畸形的花蕾;复花芽仅留1个好的花蕾,注意保留果枝两侧或斜下侧的花蕾;在4月底—5月初疏除畸形果、病虫果、小果和多余果;短果枝留1个果,中果枝留2~3个果,长果枝留3~4个果,盛果期每666.7 m2产量应控制在2500 kg以内。
推荐进行套袋栽培,以减少病虫危害、增加果面光洁度、减少农药污染、提高果实的商品性。套袋应在5月下旬进行,套袋前2~3 d全园喷施1次杀虫杀菌剂,选择晴天的09:00—11:00和15:00—18:00进行。采收前10 d去袋或可不去袋采收。
3.5 病虫害防治
在果实发育后期应注意防治桃小食心虫、桃蛀螟的危害,推荐使用低农药残留的药品,还可使用性诱导剂或人工捕杀等,以确保果实食用安全。
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收稿日期:2024-03-05 接受日期:2024-04-06
基金项目:河南省高等学校重点科研项目计划基础研究专项(24ZX010);国家自然科学基金项目(32202412);河南省现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(HARS-22-09-G1);河南农业大学科技创新基金(KJCX2020A15)
作者简介:王小贝,女,讲师,博士,主要从事桃生物技术与种质创新研究。Tel:0371-56552762,E-mail:wangxb@henau.edu.cn
*通信作者 Author for correspondence. Tel:0371-56552762,E-mail:btan@henau.edu.cn;E-mail:jcfeng@henau.edu.cn