锁定角度，精准打击——基于高考英语阅读说明文出题的角度探究其解题策略

王来民

（河南省鹿邑县高级中学）

说明文在高考英语阅读中占比很高，其原因在于说明文的首要特点是知识性，即着眼于解说和传播某种已经得到公认的知识；第二个特点是科学性，即在介绍、解说、传播知识时必须科学，能准确地反映客观事物的实际及其规律性，不允许任何的主观随意性；说明文体的第三个特点是说明性，即以说明为主要表达方式。说明是普遍意义上具体而明白无误地介绍、解说某种客观事物的语言形式。

说明文内容涉及科技产品、研究成果、体育锻炼、自然生态等方面的内容，内容广泛，语言紧密，结构性强，复杂句较多，学生对文本的理解有一定的难度。命题人从不同的角度进行设题，给学生带来了一定的困难，如果能把握住出题的角度，结合有效的解题策略，学生就能提升说明文解题的正确率。基于此，笔者从以下内容进行探析：

一、基于真实故事或某种现象的角度设置问题

该类设题特点在于通过故事或一种现象，往往是自己或他人的故事，或与说明内容有关的现象进行出题。其看似不起眼，却为下文做好铺垫，吸引读者注意，引出话题，命题人在此设题的目的在于考查学生是否理解作者意图，考查其透过现象看本质的推理能力。

Like most of us,I try to be mindful of food that goes to waste.The arugula（芝麻菜）was to make a nice green salad,rounding out a roast chicken dinner.But I ended up working late.Then friends called with a dinner invitation.I stuck the chicken in the freezer.But as days passed,the arugula went bad.Even worse,I had unthinkingly bought way too much;I could have made six salads with what I threw out.（2022 年全国新高考Ⅰ卷阅读理解B 第一段）

24.What does the author want to show by telling the arugula story?

A.We pay little attention to food waste.

B.We waste food unintentionally at times.

C.We waste more vegetables than meat.

D.We have good reasons for wasting food.

解题策略：本文主题语境是人与自我，通过讲述作者自己浪费芝麻菜的事情引出食物浪费的主题，从而号召大家节俭食物，避免浪费。首先确定主题语境和主题意义，确认所出现的故事或现象与主题意义的关系。由第一段中的“The arugula（芝麻菜）was to make a nice green salad,rounding out a roast chicken dinner....I could have made six salads with what I threw out.”可知，作者由于没在意芝麻菜，随着时间流逝，芝麻菜变质，作者就把它扔掉了。作者根据自己的经历，表明我们有时会无意识地浪费食物，引出本文要表达的主题：避免食物浪费。故选B。

二、基于作者目的设置问题

这类设题特点在于通过与目的相关的语句或别人的建议、做法来推出作者真实的意图或者对作者的意图直接询问，通过分析它们并进行归纳，推出作者的真实意图，此类型题旨在考查学生是否明白主题意义，考查学生的归纳能力。

Such methods seem obvious,yet so often we just don’t think.“Everyone can play a part in reducing waste,whether by not purchasing more food than necessary in your weekly shopping or by asking restaurants to not include the side dish you won’t eat,”Curtin says.（2022 年全国新高考Ⅰ卷阅读理解B 最后一段）

27.What does Curtin suggest people do?

A.Buy only what is needed.

B.Reduce food consumption.

C.Go shopping once a week.

D.Eat in restaurants less often.

解题策略：本文主题意义是减少食物的浪费，根据主题意义，归纳出作者真实意图。根据最后一段中的“Everyone can play a part in reducing waste,whether by not purchasing more food than necessary in your weekly shopping or by asking restaurants to not include the side dish you won’t eat”可知，作者借助Curtin 的建议，表达出无论买东西还是在餐馆吃饭，都不要超量，只要自己需要的，从而避免食物的浪费，这也是作者写这篇文章的目的所在。故选A。

三、基于说明的内容角度设置问题

基于说明的内容角度是指在说明内容时，其包含了相关的条件、原因、效果等方面的内容，符合内容诞生的规律，可以从实现的条件、说明的原因、所描述内容的功能、结果等角度设置问题，考查学生对所说明内容的理解。

1.基于说明内容实现的条件设置问题

该类设题特点在于通过内容产生的条件分析该条件是否重要，是否能产生一定的结果，如果重要，那么在该条件下推理出产生什么样的结果，该类型题考查学生的分析问题和解决问题的能力。

Drones are already being used to examine high-tension electrical lines.They could do precisely the same thing to inspect railway lines and other vital aspects of rail infrastructure such as the correct position of railway tracks and switching points.The more regularly they can be inspected,the more railway safety,reliability and on-time performance will be improved.Costs would be cut and operations would be more efficient（高效）across the board.（2022 年全国乙卷阅读理解C 第二段）

28.What makes the application of drones to rail lines possible?

A.The use of drones in checking on power lines.

B.Drones’ability to work at high altitudes.

C.The reduction of cost in designing drones.

D.Drones’reliable performance in remote areas.

解题策略：由文中所提供的的条件推知在该条件下会产生什么样的结果。根据第二段中的“Drones are already being used to examine hightension electrical lines....such as the correct position of railway tracks and switching points.”可知，无人机已经被用于检查高压线，它们也可以用于铁路检查，这是无人机用于铁路检查的条件。故选A。

2.基于说明内容出现的原因角度设置问题

这类设题特点在于要从语句中找出原因，得出结论，往往因果关系并不是从文字的表面所看出来的，而是隐含的，这就需要学生认真揣摩，仔细分析前后句的关系，从而确认出因果关系。该类型题考查学生因果关系的推理能力。

First announced in April,2016,the tax which applies to soft drinks containing more than 5 g of sugar per 100 ml,was introduced to help reduce childhood obesity（肥胖）.It is believed that today’s children and teenagers are consuming three times the recommended level of sugar,putting them at a higher risk of the disease.（2022 年全国乙卷阅读理解D 第二段）

32.Why was the sugar tax introduced?

A.To collect money for schools.

B.To improve the quality of drinks.

C.To protect children’s health.

D.To encourage research in education.

解题策略：本题考查征收糖税的原因。首先确定文中因果关系，然后通过有因果关系但没有出现因果关系的连词的句子，推理出暗含的因果关系。根据第二段中的“First announced in April,2016,the tax which applies to soft drinks containing more than 5 g of sugar per 100 ml,was introduced to help reduce childhood obesity（肥胖）.”可知，征收糖税的原因在于要减少儿童肥胖现象，即要保护儿童的健 康。故选C。

3.基于说明内容的功能角度设置问题

这类设题特点在于对所说明内容的工作原理，功能作用进行检测，这是科技产品，法律政策等说明文的常考题，往往由于说明内容的工作原理或功能是文中重点，其语言相对专业，对学生理解来说，有一定的难度，该类型题考查学生是否理解说明内容的功能作用。

An idea from lawmakers in New York is to give police officers a new device called the Textalyzer.It would work like this: An officer arriving at the scene of a crash could ask for the phones of the drivers and use the Textalyzer to check in the operating system for recent activity.The technology could determine whether a driver had just texted,emailed or done anything else that is not allowed under New York’s hands-free driving laws.（2022 年新全国高考Ⅱ卷阅读理解C 第五段）

29.What can the Textalyzer help a police officer find out

A.Where a driver came from.

B.Whether a driver used their phone.

C.How fast a driver was going.

D.When a drier arrived at the scene.

解题策略：阅读表述说明内容功能的句子，归纳出说明内容有哪些功能。本题对 Textalyzer（短信监控器）功能的考查。根据第五段中的“The technology could determine whether a driver had just texted,emailed or done anything else that is not allowed under New York’s hands-free driving laws.”可知，Textalyzer 能判断出司机是否使用过手机。故选B。

4.基于说明内容的结果的角度设置问题

该类设题特点在于对说明内容的结果进行检测，从结果的有效性、市场的应用性、未来的使用等方面进行检测，这是说明内容的关键所在，也是出题的热点方向，该类题的难点在于学生对结果判断偏差，往往会以偏概全。该类型题考查学生判断和归纳能力，从相关的结果句进行归纳总结，最后准确得出结果。

Today’s figures,according to one government official,show the positive influence the sugar tax is having by raising millions of pounds for sports facilities（设 施）and healthier eating in schools.Helping the next generation to have a healthy and active childhood is of great importance,and the industry is playing its part.（2022 年全国乙卷阅读理解D 最后一段）

35.What can be inferred about the adoption of the sugar tax policy?

A.It is a short-sighted decision.

B.It is a success story.

C.It benefits manufactures.

D.It upsets customers.

解题策略：本题是对糖税政策结果的考查。结果一般出现在文章后几段，从后几段中分析说明内容在实施后，出现什么样的结果。根据最后一段“Today’s figures,according to one government official,show the positive influence...and the industry is playing its part.”可知，糖税政策的结果是缴纳的费用被用于学校的体育设施的建设和更健康饮食的改善，由此可知糖税政策是成功的。故选B。

5.基于说明内容的效果的角度设置问题

该类设题特点在于从说明内容实施后，产生了哪些影响，与其有关的行业或机构做了哪些调整，通过相关行业或机构做出的调整，推出其效果。该类型题考查学生的逻辑能力，根据相关现象，逐步分析，最后得出结论。

It comes after more than half of soft drinks sold in shops have had their sugar levels cut by manufacturers（制造商）so they can avoid paying the tax.Drinks now contain 45 million fewer kilos of sugar as a result of manufacturers’efforts to avoid the charge,according to Treasury figures.Since April drinks companies have been forced to pay between 18 p and 24 p for every litre of sugary drink they produce or import,depending on the sugar content.（2022 年全国乙卷阅读理解D 第四段）

33.How did some drinks companies respond to the sugar tax?

A.They turned to overseas markets.

B.They raised the prices of their products.

C.They cut down on their production.

D.They reduced their products’sugar content.

解题策略：本题是对糖税政策效果的考查。从说明内容实施后，产生什么样的效应，往往是对说明内容效果的证明。根据第四段中的“It comes after more than half of soft drinks sold in shops have had their sugar levels cut by manufacturers（制造商）so they can avoid paying the tax.”可知，软饮料公司为了避免缴纳糖税，降低了商店中销售饮料的含糖量，说明糖税政策起到一定的效果。故选D。

四、基于他人的评价角度设置问题

该类设题特点在于对他人的评价内容来对照说明内容，有的评价是对说明内容的支持，有的是对说明内容的反对，有的是说明内容的客观评价。该类型题考查学生的批判性思维，能否根据评价内容，判断出评价人的观点态度。

Everywhere in Sydney these days,change and progress are the watchwords（口号）,and traditions are increasingly rare.Shirley Fitzgerald,the city’s official historian,told me that in its rush to modernity in the 1970s,Sydney swept aside much of its past,including many of its finest buildings.“Sydney is confused about itself,”she said.“We can’t seem to make up our minds whether we want a modern city or a traditional one.It’s a conflict that we aren’t getting any better at resolving（解决）.”（2022 年全国甲卷阅读理解D 第六段）

34.What does Shirley Fizgerald think of Sydney?

A.It is losing its traditions.

B.It should speed up its progress.

C.It should expand its population.

D.It is becoming more international.

解题策略：首先，找到他人评价的内容，再看其评价内容与说明内容是一致还是相悖。根据第六段第二句至段末可知，Shirley Fizgerald 认为悉尼在20 世纪70 年代建设现代化的过程中，把它的过去都丢在了一边，即丢失了其传统。故选A。

五、基于词语语义角度设置问题

该类设题特点在于根据上下语境猜出词语的意思或所指代内容，学生借助于上下句之间的关系和段与段之间的关系，对画线词进行推理验证，该类型题考查学生在语境中对生词的猜测能力。

“We need something on the books that can change people’s behavior,”said Félix W.Ortiz,who pushed for the state’s 2001 ban on hand-held devices by drivers.If the Textalyzer bill becomes law,he said,“people are going to be more afraid to put their hands on the cell phone.”（2022 年全国新高考Ⅱ卷阅读理解C 最后一段）

30.What does the underlined word“something”in the last paragraph refer to?

A.Advice.B.Data.C.Tests.D.Laws.

解题策略：通过段与段、句与句之间的逻辑关系和语义，进行猜测词义。根据下文“If the Textalyzer bill becomes law,he said,“people are going to be more afraid to put their hands on the cell phone.”可知，如果Textalyzer bill 成为法律，人们会更害怕拿起他们的手机，所以something 应指“法律”。故选D。

六、基于对比的角度设置问题

该类设题特点在于通过将两个不同事例或两个不同人说的话进行对照，得出不同的结果，从而对观点句进行证明。该类型题考查学生的批判性思维能力，对不同事例进行诠释推理，从对比中得出作者要表达的观点。

Levine and his research team selected volunteers aged between 45 and 64 who did not exercise much but were otherwise healthy.Participants were randomly divided into two groups.The first group participated in a program of nonaerobic（无氧）—balance training and weight training—three times a week.The second group did high-intensity aerobic exercise under the guidance of a trainer for four or more days a week.After two years,the second group saw remarkable improvements in heart health.（2022 年全国新高考Ⅱ卷阅读理解D 第三段）

33.In which aspect were the two groups different in terms of research design?

A.Diet plan.

B.Professional background.

C.Exercise type.

D.Previous physical condition.

解题策略：找出对比内容，看其实施过程中条件是否一致，最后得出结论。根据第三段中 的“The first group participated in a program of nonaerobic（无氧）...under the guidance of a trainer for four or more days a week.”可知，两组的不同在于参与者锻炼的方式不同。故选C。

七、基于段落段意角度设置问题

该类设题特点在于从整段的中心意思进行设题，让学生归纳段意，去枝抓干，避免管中窥豹现象，最后得出核心要旨。该类型题考查学生的归纳能力，从众多信息中，排除不主要的细节，梳理出主要所指意向，最后归纳出主要观点。

Sometime in the early 1960s,a significant thing happened in Sydney,Australia.The city discovered its harbor.Then,one after another,Sydney discovered lots of things that were just sort of there — broad parks,superb beaches,and a culturally diverse population.But it is the harbor that makes the city.（2022 年全国甲卷阅读理解D 第一段）

32.What is the first paragraph mainly about

A.Sydney’s striking architecture.

B.The cultural diversity of Sydney.

C.The key to Sydney’s development.

D.Sydney’s tourist attractions in the 1960s.

解题策略：本题是对段落大意的考查。找出本段中句子间的关系，总结出要表达的核心意思。根据第一段内容可知，悉尼的重要发现都与港口有关，最后一句中的But 强调悉尼发展的关键是港口。故选C。

八、基于标题的角度设置问题

该类设题特点在于通过对文章主题意义的把握，综合衡量，最后选出合适的标题。选出的标题既能够概括出文章大意又新颖，标题不同于作者目的的考查，目的是作者所传递的主要思想，而标题不但包括主要思想，还包括语言优美，概括全面。该类型题在于考查学生的归纳能力和审美能力，选出的标题既能概括文章大意又语言优美。（2022 年全国乙卷阅读理解C 全文 略）

31.Which is the most suitable title for the text?

A.What Faults Can Be Detected with Drones

B.How Production of Drones Can Be Expanded

C.What Difficulty Drone Development Will Face

D.How Drones Will Change the Future of Railways

解题策略：本题对文章标题进行考查。首先掌握主题意义，再判断标题是否与主题意义吻合。通读全文可知，本文主要讲的是无人机有了在高压线上使用的功能，也就为在铁路上的使用做好了铺垫，最后用在铁路上，对未来铁路产生一定的影响。故选D。

九、基于例子的角度设置问题

该类设题特点在于通过例子，找出例子要说明的观点，需要建立观点句和例子之间的关系。例子是对观点的进一步延伸，也是观点的佐证。例子前往往没有for example/instance 之类的词，导致部分学生看不出来，从而误选答案。该类型题考查学生的逻辑能力，根据观点和例子之间的关系，最后找出它们的结合点，进一步佐证观点句的正确性。

We prefer to describe emotional intelligence as a specific set of skills that can be used for either good or bad purposes.The ability to accurately understand how others are feeling may be used by a doctor to find how best to help her patients,while a cheater might use it to control potential victims.Being emotionally intelligent does not necessarily make one a moral person.（2021 年全国新高考Ⅰ卷阅读理解D 第二段）

33.Why does the author mention“doctor”and“cheater”in Paragraph 2?

A.To explain a rule.

B.To clarify a concept.

C.To present a fact.

D.To make a prediction.

解题策略：首先从例子总结出要表达的意思，再结合观点句判断它们最终要表达的内容。根据第二段中的“We prefer to describe emotional intelligence as a specific set of skills that can be used for either good or bad purposes.Being emotionally intelligent does not necessarily make one a moral person.”可知，作者认为情商是一种技能，既可以用于好的目的也可以用于坏的目的，高情商并不一定能使一个人成为有道德的人。“doctor”和“cheater”是对这句话的证明。故选B。

十、基于作者态度的角度设置问题

该类设题特点在于对作者的态度进行归纳，根据作者表达观点的句子，推出作者对所说明内容的情感态度，是支持或反对等态度，关于作者的情感态度，文中没有直接出现表示情感的词，而是用相关的句子表达出来，里面包含褒义词，中性词或贬义词，根据这些词汇推出作者态度。该类型题考查学生的推理能力，从文中得出作者情感态度。

Race walking shares many fitness benefits with running,research shows,while most likely contributing to fewer injuries.It does,however,have its own problem.（2020 年全国Ⅰ卷阅读理解C 第一段 ）

31.Which word best describes the author’s attitude to race walking?

A.Skeptical. B.Objective.

C.Tolerant. D.Conservative.

解题策略：确定作者情感基调，对其表达的内容是支持还是反对，看相关表示褒义或贬义的词汇。根据第一段内容可知，作者既说了竞走的好处也说到了其问题，可见作者从两方面来看待竞走问题，并没有偏向某一方，所以作者的观点是客观的。故选B。

十一、基于作者观点的角度设置问题

该类设题特点在于对作者的观点进行归纳，作者的观点有时会明确表示出来，而对此类型题进行考查时，却没有明显表达出来的语句，而是让学生首先梳理文章大意，找出表示观点的相关句子，然后对它们去分析和归纳，最后得出作者真实的观点。该类型题考查学生的归纳能力，从文中得出作者的观点。

On the other hand,being young and old at the same time has its attractions.I considered this when I met a thoughtful young businessman named Anthony.“Many people say that we lack culture in this country,” he told me.“What people forget is that the Italians,when they came to Australia,brought 2 000 years of their culture,the Greeks some 3 000 years,and the Chinese more still.We’ve got a foundation built on ancient cultures but with a drive and dynamism of a young country.It’s a pretty hard combination to beat.”

He is right,but I can’t help wishing they would keep those old ferries.（2022 年全国甲卷阅读理解D第七、八段）

35.Which statement will the author probably agree with?

A.A city can be young and old at the same time.

B.A city built on ancient cultures is more dynamic.

C.Modernity is usually achieved at the cost of elegance.

D.Compromise should be made between the local and the foreign.

解题策略：本题是对作者看法的考查。确认作者对说明内容的主张，再从选项中选出与作者主张一致的选项。根据第七段中的“We’ve got a foundation built on ancient cultures but with a drive and dynamism of a young country.It’s a pretty hard combination to beat.”和第八段“He is right,but I can’t help wishing they would keep those old ferries.”可知，作者赞同“一座城市可以既年轻又古老”的观点。故选A。

结语

通过了解说明文的命题角度，在平常阅读时有意识关注它，并进行一定的思维训练，学生再做高考说明文试题时，就会抓住核心要点，提高做题速度和正确率，做到事半功倍的效果。