when的考点在历届高考中复现率较高,值得同学们重视。为了便于大家复习、应考,下面笔者逐一归纳其用法、考点。
一、when/while/as引导的时间状语从句的区别
【考点攻略】when、while、as三者均可用作从属连词,引导时间状语从句。不过,其含义和用法有别:when引导的时间状语从句的谓语动词可以是延续性动词,也可是短暂性动词;while引导的时间状语从句的谓语动词必须是延续性动词(此时,它与when通用);as引导的时间状语从句的谓语动词表示持续性动作,强调主句、从句动作同时进行,有渐进变化之意,意为“随着……;一边……一边……”。
例:When the craftsman came into the classroom, we gave him a warm welcome. 当这位名匠走进教室时,我们报以热烈的掌声。
I sat beside a table, explaining every step of the process while making tea. 我坐在桌子旁,一边沏茶,一边讲解沏茶的每一步骤。
As the average age of the population increases, there are more and more old people to be cared for. 随着人口平均年龄的增长,需要照顾的老年人越来越多。
二、when引导的原因状语从句
【考点攻略】when引导原因状语从句时,相当于“since”“now that”或“considering that”,表示很明确、不需要多加说明的原因或理由。此时,when的含意为“既然;尽管;鉴于”,它引导的从句常位于主句之后,主句、从句之间一般不用逗号隔开。
例:There was a bit of me that didnt want to love this book when everyone else on the planet did, but the horror story is brilliant indeed. 雖然这个星球上的其他人都很喜欢这本书,但我并不是很喜欢它,不过这本书中的恐怖故事的确很精彩。
I cant tell you anything when you wont listen. 鉴于你不想听,我就什么也不告诉你了。
三、when引导的条件状语从句
【考点攻略】when引导条件状语从句时,相当于if,含有“如果;要是”之意,但语气上比if要弱。
例:Please turn off the switch when anything goes wrong with the machine. 如果机器出了故障,请关闭开关。
The giant panda mother held the baby in her front paws much the way a human does. When it cried, she rocked it back and forth and gave it little comforting pats. 大熊猫妈妈就像人类一样用前爪抱着宝宝。要是熊猫宝宝哭了,熊猫妈妈就来回摇晃它,轻轻拍着它。
四、when引导的让步状语从句
【考点攻略】when引导让步状语从句时,含有“其实;虽然;既然”之意。此时,when与although/though的用法相似。
例:Why do you want a new job, when youve got such a good one already? 既然你已经有了一份这么好的工作,为何还要找新工作?
He stopped trying, when he might succeed next time. 他不再尝试了,其实说不定下一次他就成功了。
五、when引导的名词性从句
【考点攻略】when可以引导主语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句以及表语从句。when在上述从句中既起连接作用,又作时间状语。此外,when引导的名词性从句有时可以简化为“疑问词+不定式”结构的句子,而简化的前提是:when引导的名词性从句中的主语必须是带有“泛指”含义的主语,且简化后句意不变。若简化后句意已变、语义不明确或产生歧义现象,则不能进行简化。
例如:
1.他什么时候到达这里还不确定。
主语从句:When he will arrive here is still uncertain.
简化后:When to arrive here is still uncertain.
2.我不知道何时召开这次会议。
宾语从句:I dont know when we will hold this meeting.
简化后:I dont know when to hold this meeting.
3.杰克不知道他下周末什么时候去北京。
同位语从句:Jack has no idea when he will leave for Beijing next weekend.
简化后:Jack has no idea when to leave for Beijing next weekend.
4.感恩节是人们庆祝丰收的日子。
表语从句:Thanksgiving is when people celebrate the harvest.
简化后:Thanksgiving is when to celebrate the harvest.
六、when引导的定语从句
(一)when引导的限制性、非限制性定语从句
【考点攻略】在when引导的限制性、非限制性定语从句中,表示时间的名词或词组(即先行词),如day/month/year/moment/period/age/occasion/time等,逻辑上在定语从句中作时间状语。同学们需注意,若上述名词逻辑上在定语从句中作主语或宾语,则引导词应选用which或that,不过这只适用于限制性定语从句。
例:People will always remember the moment when the Winter Olympic Games were held in 2022.人们将永远记住2022年举办冬季奥运会的这一时刻。
The age, which is fair to everyone, everyone can do his best to do something.这个时代,对每个人都很公平,人人都可以尽自己所能去干一番事业。
(二)“介词+ which”型定语从句
【考点攻略】同学们在解答此类考题时,先不要急于确定答案,可先进行语序调整(疑问语序调整为陈述语序),根据句意及习惯用法进行搭配还原。对此,同学们可关注以下几类搭配:从句的谓语动词与先行词的搭配;从句的表语与先行词的搭配;从句中的相关名词与先行词的搭配,尤其需要关注相关词语与先行词之间的所属关系;从句中的状语与先行词的搭配;等等。另外,常见的介词(组)搭配有:at/in/by/on/above/beyond/under/through/in front of... + which。此种情况下,“介词+ which”相当于when,在定语从句中作时间状语。
例:September 30 is the day by which you must pay your bill.你最迟须在9月30日之前结账。
七、when用作并列连词
【考点攻略】when用作并列连词时,相当于“and then” “and just at this/that time”“and at the moment”。此时,when引导的从句与主句一般不用逗号隔开。常用的句型如下。
1.主语+过去进行时+ when-clause
2.主語+ were/was about to do sth. + when-clause
3.主语+ were/was + on the point of doing sth. + when-clause
4.主语+过去完成时+ when-clause
同学们一定要牢记上述句型。在解题时,同学们要先从句意角度进行推断,只要符合该语义和句型特征,即可套用相应的时态及连词。
例:He was working attentively when someone knocked at the door.他正在专心地工作,这时有人敲门了。
Tom was about to go out when it began to rain. 汤姆正要外出,这时天开始下起雨来。
Mother was on the point of doing the dishes when Aunt Wang called her up. 妈妈正要去洗碗,这时王阿姨来电话了。
He had just finished his homework when it began raining.他刚做完作业,这时天下起雨来。
八、when的常用句型
(一)It is/was +时间词组+ when-clause与It is/was +介词+时间词组+ that-clause的区别
【考点攻略】日常学习中,我们很容易将这两个句型弄混。区分它们的关键点在于时间词组前有无介词,若时间词组前无介词,即为it指时间的用法;若有介词,一般为it引导的强调结构。
例:It was the middle of the night when my father woke me up and told me to watch the football game.时间正是半夜,我父亲叫醒了我一起看足球赛。
It was at eight oclock sharp that she goes to work every morning.她的确每天都在早上八点整的时候去上班。
(二)It/This/That + is/was/will be + the first/second/third...time + that从句
【考点攻略】该句型大意为“这/那(将)是某人第几次干某事”。若主句的谓语动词用“is”,从句的谓语动词要用现在完成时时态;若主句的谓语动词用“was”,从句的谓语动词要用过去完成时时态;若主句的谓语动词用“will be”,从句的谓语动词通常用一般现在时时态(表示将来含义)。
例:The foreign couple told us that was the second time that they had visited the Great Wall.这对外国夫妇告诉我们,那是他们第二次参观长城。
It will be the fourth time that they aid Tibet.这将是他们第四次援藏。
(三)when在“一……就……”句型中的用法
【考点攻略】“Hardly/Scarcely/Barely...when/before...”结构与“No sooner...than...”结构含意相同,均意为“一……就……”,两者是典型的倒装句型(主句半倒装)。表示“一……就……”含意的词/词组还有“as soon as”“immediately”“directly”“instantly”“once”“the moment”“the minute”“the instant”等。上述连词/词组引导时间状语从句时,从句通常用一般现在时时态表示将来含义。
例:Hardly had I got ready to continue the topic I talked with my friend when the telephone rang.我刚准备接着那个话题继续和朋友聊天时,电话铃就响了。