惊蛰与二月二

2022-05-05 17:34王东超
走向世界 2022年12期
关键词:龙抬头苍龙二者

王东超

我打小就把“驚蛰”与“二月二,龙抬头”葫芦搅茄儿混在一起,搞不清二者的关系。最近想到这个问题,硬着头皮恶补了一番古代历法知识,终于搞懂了。“惊蛰”属于节气,“二月二”属于节日。

惊蛰为二十四节气中的第三个节气,是二月节气,在雨水之后、春分之前,此时太阳到达黄经345度,时间为每年3月5号或6号。2021年惊蛰为3月5号,夏历正月二十二日。惊蛰古名“启蛰”,汉代避景帝(刘启)讳改“启”为“惊”。“春雷响,万物长”,惊蛰时节春雷声开始隐隐传来,冬眠的昆虫、小动物也从蛰伏中开始苏醒。

据《唐书·李泌传》载,唐中叶以前,春天只有三个节日:正月九、正月晦、三月上巳节,二月没有节日。唐德宗时,李泌上书,废正月晦,以二月一日为中和节,将正月初九、二月朔、三月上巳合称三令节。民间又传说二月二日是土地神生日,这天要祭祀土地神,保佑五谷丰登。两个节日都与农业生产有关,只相隔一天,就混在一起了。

古人喜欢重叠的数字,一月一、三月三、五月五等都是节日,这合流的节日也就确定在二月二了。民间又有“二月二,龙抬头”的说法,古代天文学将天上的二十八星宿分为四组,位于东方的一组称东方苍龙。其中,角宿是龙的头角。冬季,苍龙七宿都隐没在地平线下。至二月初,黄昏来临时,角宿就从东方地平线上出现了,这时整个龙身还隐没在地平线下,只是角宿初露,故称“龙抬头”,所以二月二也称“青龙节”。还有另外一种说法,二月二前后正逢雨水、惊蛰这两个节气,古人认为冬天龙也是蛰伏不动的,惊蛰前后,龙方苏醒,“龙抬头”意味着龙要开始履行它行云布雨的职责,故有民谚曰“二月二,龙抬头,大囤尖,小囤流”,二月二有祈求风调雨顺的意思在,故又被称为“春龙节”。

北方对二月二尤为看重,这一天有好多习俗。老黄县(今龙口)习俗,二月二这一天要把过年剩下的太阳饼、饽饽、圣虫等熥一熥全家分食,象征着从腊八开始的年节狂欢彻底结束,新的一年正式开始。还要把过年时留下的糕煎全吃了,这是“熏虫”之遗俗。

还有一种习俗是“引龙”。人们把草灰从大门外蜿蜒撒入厨房,然后围水缸“轩”一周,谓之“引龙”。也有用糠撒到井里,再用草灰由井撒入室内的。引龙的目的,一说是增加财富,水为财,故谓“引钱龙”。与之相似的是“打灰囤”。就是在院子里,用草灰撒成一个圆圈,代表粮食囤子,在灰圈内放一把五谷杂粮,代表五谷满仓,还有的要在灰囤外撒上梯子,意思是粮食太多了,囤子里盛不了,上面加上绞儿,人要取粮得登梯而上才行。如今引龙不太常见,二月二这天主要就是打灰囤。

还要吃“炒豆”,豆子炒熟后分给自家或邻家小孩儿食之,据说可保五谷丰收,不受虫害。还有一种说法是豆子在锅里受热炸开,“噼啪”作响,有唤醒神龙之意。

老黄县规矩,“正月不剃头,剃头死舅舅”,所以人们尤其是孩子们便都聚集在“龙抬头”这天理发。小孩子帽子上还要缝龙尾。龙尾是用花布剪成铜钱大的圆片,与蒜秸间隔,穿成长串,钉在小孩帽后,据说可保小孩平安。

传统上,每年夏历十月初一日为“辞工日”,这时地了场光,地里已无农活可干。到了二月二,大地开始解冻,天气逐渐转暖,扛活的长工开始上工,谓之“上工日”,故二月二又称为“春耕节”。由此可见,惊蛰为二十四节气之一,节气是为农事服务的;二月二是节日,与祭祀和祈愿等民俗有关。二者都与农耕有些关系,时间上也相隔不远(从历法上讲,二者会19年左右相遇一次),所以容易让人混淆,便也不奇怪了。

Awakening of Insects, a solar term in the 2nd lunar month between Rain Water and the Spring Equinox, is the 3rd of the 24 solar terms of a year. By then, the sun reaches 345 degrees in the celestial longitude and it is Mar.5 or Mar.6 for each year. The Awakening of Insects in 2021 was Mar.5 and the 22nd day of the 1st month in the lunar calendar. The ancient name for the Awakening of Insects was “启启(Qizhe),” which was changed to “启启(Jingzhe)” in order not to use the name of Emperor Jing of Han (启启). “Everything grows as the spring thunders sound.” In the time of the Awakening of Insects, spring thunders sound and dormant insects and small animals awaken from their hibernation.

According to the Book of the Tang Dynasty·Biography of Li Qin, there were only three festivals before the middle of the Tang Dynasty: the 9th day of the 1st lunar month, the end of the 1st lunar month and the Shangsi Festival in the 3rd lunar month; there was no festival for the 2nd lunar month. In the reign of Emperor Dezong of Tang, Li Qin submitted a written statement to delete the end of the 1st lunar month as a festival, take the 1st day of the 2nd lunar month as the Zhonghe Festival and combine the 9th day of the 1st lunar month, the end of the 2nd lunar month and the Shangsi Festival into the Sanling Festival. It was said among the populace that the 2nd day of the 2nd lunar month was the birthday of the God of Land and people ought to worship him to pray for a good harvest of crops. Both festivals were related to agricultural production and only one day apart. Therefore, they are celebrated on the same day.

猜你喜欢
龙抬头苍龙二者
A Cool Dragon龙
绘画
“二月二,龙抬头”是什么意思?
摇曳
有趣的节日之“二月二,龙抬头”
是什么“龙” 只能让女子独舞
颂毛公
CHIP每月评话
Units 13—14词语辨析
译经