郑伟
摘要:听说读写是英语学习的四大技能,写作又是综合性最强的、也是最难的一项,它不仅需要学生具有扎实的语言基础知识,还要求学生拥有灵活运用语言的能力。因此,学生在这方面表现得差强人意也就不难理解了。正因为此,提高学生的写作水平和写作能力也就成了当务之急。对于如何提高学生的写作能力这一问题,本文从学生习作中所犯的错误这一角度出发,希望从中寻找到纠正学生错误的方法,进而提高学生的写作能力。因此,本文总结了学生写作时易犯的错误类型,并且追根溯源,探讨原因,并且尝试着寻找解决学生习作错误多发的方法。
关键词:写作能力;错误;错误原因;对策
写作能力是一项重要的语言能力,因此写作能力的重要性无需多言,但是,事与愿违,实际操作中,学生的写作能力不尽如人意,这从每年高考写作的平均分就可以看出。学生的习作中总是错误百出,批阅过程简直就是煎熬。但是,学生习作中的错误有哪些呢?学生为什么会犯这些错误呢?有什么办法可以解决吗?笔者希望通过这篇文章,探讨和解决这三个问题。
一、学生习作中的常见错误
1.中式思维,缺乏英语的思维和语言习惯
eg: What causes my special attention is whether I should send my card and students’ card to you.
正解:What arrests my special attention is whether I should send my card and students’ card to you.
2.语法错误频出
语法错误又可以分为很多细类:
a.从句不会正确使用,包括名词性从句、定语从句、状语从句
a.1: 名词性从句使用错误
eg: I hope you can ask me I also should take something that I need there.
正解:I hope you can ask me what I also should take that I need there.
a.2: 定语从句使用错误
eg: Furthermore, in case of feeling uneasy or anxious at the beginning, I want to consult if there is anything need to prepare at first.
正解:Furthermore, in case of feeling uneasy or anxious at the beginning, I want to consult if there is anything that need to prepare at first.
a.3 状语从句使用错误
eg: Then, I should prepare something that I will go to university.
Then, I should prepare something before I go to university.
b.词性用错
eg: I’m extraordinary delight to receive the offer of the New York university.
正解:I'm extraordinarily delighted to receive the offer of the New York university.
c.非谓语动词用错
eg: And what I should take while join the big family of study.
正解:And what I should take while joining the big family of study.
d.语序错误
eg: In total, if I go to New York, I need what for my class.
正解:In total, if I go to New York, what I need for my class?
e.句子成分不会分析
eg: I want to know what I should sent something to you.
正解:I want to know what I should sent to you.
f.介词用法不清,介词词组不清
eg: Thanks for your allow me to join you.
正解:Thanks for your allowing me to join you.
eg: I think it confused that what materials are needed preparation.
正解:I think it confusing what materials are needed in preparation.
g.一般疑問句和whether / if引出的宾语从句混淆
eg: If you need anything about my personal details?
正解:Do you need anything about my personal details?
eg: In my humble opinion, whether need I send more things to you?
正解:In my humble opinion, need I send more things to you?
h.there be句型不懂
eg: At last, have any other work I should do?
正解:At last, is there any other work I should do?
i.it作形式主语、形式宾语不懂
eg: As we all know, it’s significant that arrange something as scheduled.
正解:As we all know, it's significant to arrange something as scheduled.
eg: I think it confusing that what materials are needed in preparation.
正解:I think it confusing what materials are needed in preparation.
3.句內不合逻辑
eg: I’m writing to express my gratitude to you that I receive the New York University’s offer.
正解:I'm writing to express my gratitude to you in that I receive the New York University's offer.
二、这些常见错误的成因:
1.写作的时候,使用了中文来搭建句子,但是,在把中文句子转换成英文时,没有按照英语的规则写或受到了中文负迁移的影响。
2.对语法知识掌握得不深刻,一知半解,因此,在写作时容易产生语法错误。
3.写句子时,没有用符合逻辑性来要求自己的写作。
4.积累词汇时,仅仅积累词意,词性没有顾及;例句没有深刻理解,导致用词不得体;语言输入时,工作只做了一半,没有把这个词或词组彻底吃透,导致在写作中想用,但是用错。
5.英语语言知识输入不足。
6.写作时,思维混乱,导致写出来的英语语句也语义混乱。
三、对策
1.训练学生把中文正确地转化为英文语言的能力。
首先,这需要学生在心中扎下英语语言习惯和中文的相异的观念。
其次,在日常教学中潜移默化地灌输给学生正确的英语语言习惯。这就涉及到语法知识的输入、操练、内化。
2.训练学生写符合逻辑的句子
首先,告诉学生句子前后的用词要符合逻辑,否则,会产生逻辑错误。
其次,在课堂上教学生怎么用词,才不会导致逻辑错误,怎么用词,才是符合逻辑的选择。
再次,把学生习作中的逻辑错误整理出来,在课堂上仔细讲解。让学生自己发现句子的错误在哪里,再讲解。
最后,多做句子翻译,多练作文,是帮助学生内化掌握的不二法宝。
3.帮助学生全方位地学习词汇知识
首先,教授词汇时,把词的词性、词意、用法、例句,统统教给学生,例句要帮助学生理解,其次,把词汇的这些知识,通过记忆、理解、听写,落实下来,打下学生语言知识的良好基础,基础扎实了,学生在写作时才能运用自如,避免错误。
最后,多制造机会,让学生学着运用这些已经学过的词汇知识,在试错中逐渐积累经验,逐渐内化,逐渐学会正确使用这些词汇。这些学习正确使用词汇的机会,可以是课堂句子翻译、课后句子翻译、微写作、作文、选词填空、短文填空等。
四、结语
写作能力的提高是英语教学亘古不变的主题之一,因此,我们应该加以重视,但是,提高写作水平的难度也是不言而喻,这更需要我们英语教师的孜孜不倦和坚持不懈的努力。我们教师应该把满腔的教学热情转变为写作教学的实际行动,多种教学方法并用,争取达到使学生的写作水平上一个新台阶的目的。
参考文献:
[1]朱营,2011,高中生英语写作错误分析及研究
[2]董凌,2019,高三年级英语写作错误类型分析
[3]宋瑞,2009,高中英语写作错误分析及对策
[4]陈志红,2014,高中英语写作错误原因分析