刘嫦云
并列连词and的常见结构为A and B; A, B and C或A, B, C and D。其中A、B、C、D代表同类的单词、短语或者句子,即A、B、C、D的词性相同,结构相同。若是动词,其时态形式或非谓语形式也需一致,即“并列一致”。笔者梳理了近五年的高考真题,发现连词and在真题中的考查頻率颇高,如下表所示:
从上表不难看出:
1. 近五年每年都涉及了连词and的考查。
2. 从改错题看出,我们需要关注连词but, and 与or的区别。
3. 语法填空中对连词and的考查有直接填and(要求考生填and)与间接考查(根据并列一致,填出单词的某种形式)两种方式,我们都需要在备考中引起注意。
and, but, or三个并列连词在高考中高频出现,这属于对行文逻辑的考查。虽然新高考卷不再有短文改错题,但语法填空中也会涉及这几个连词,可以与短文改错中的并列连词的用法结合起来学习。这三个并列连词,初学英语时我们就学习了如何区分它们。and表并列、顺承关系;but表示转折关系;or表示选择关系。如以下高考真题涉及到这三个连词的区分:
1.(2021年全国甲卷)My bike was old and shaky 47 did the job.
2.(2020年新高考全国Ⅰ卷)They kept their collection at home until it got too big 37 until they died, and then it was given to a museum.
3.(2016年全国Ⅲ卷)In much of Asia, especially the so-called“rice bowl”cultures of China, Japan, Korea, 41 Vietnam, food is ususually eaten with chopsticks.
解析:
1. but短语did the job“起作用,有效”与空格前的was old and shaky构成转折关系,故填but。
2. or 因until it got too big 与until they died是选择关系,故填or。
3. and 此处表示并列关系而不是选择关系,其模式为“A, B, C and D”, 故填 and。
下面我们聚焦高考语法填空题中对并列连词and的考查,从两个方面进行分析:
一、句中有and的情况
[例1](2021年全国甲卷)Supposedly, you can do it in two hours, but we stopped at the different gates and 49 (watchtower)to take pictures or, just to watch the local people going about their daily routines.
解析:由并列连词and以及前面的复数名词gates 可知,此处应用watchtower(瞭望塔,岗楼)的复数形式,故填watchtowers。
[例2] (2020年全国Ⅲ卷)When he asked the villagers on the banks of the river where he could find the legendary(传奇的)artist, they smiled and 66 (point)down the river.
解析:并列连词and连接两个谓语动词,根据并列一致原则,smile 用一般过去时,point也应用一般过去时,故填pointed。
[例3](2019年全国Ⅰ卷)Of the nineteen recognized polar bear subpopulations, three are declining, six 70 (be)stable, one is increasing, and nine lack enough data.
解析:此处and连接四个句子,即“three are declining”;“six 70 (be)stable”;“one is increasing”和“nine lack enough data”,其模式为“A, B, C and D”。空格处应填的be为谓语动词,根据并列一致原则,ACD三个分句的时态均为一般现在时,此处的be也应用一般现在时,又因主语six为复数,故填are。
[例4] (2019年全国Ⅲ卷)Our hosts shared many of their experiences and 45 (recommend)wonderful places to eat, shop, and visit. For breakfast, we were able to eat papaya(木瓜) and other fruits from their trees in the backyard.
解析:根據并列一致原则,recommend的时态应与与前面的shared一致,故填 recommended。
从上述高考真题可看出,连词and虽小,但在解题中往往起着关键作用。利用and解题,既快又准。每当遇到它都应高度重视,认真分析谁和谁并列,找准and所真正连接的成分。
二、需填and的情况
[例1](2021年新高考全国Ⅰ卷)Though it is the only unnatural thing on your way up the mountain, still it highlights the whole adventure 62 offers a place where you can sit down to rest your aching legs.
解析:此题能填出and的考生不多。这是一个长难句,though引导让步状语从句,where 引导定语从句,修饰先行词place。不少考生受到名词adventure的影响,误认为空格处是填引导定语从句的关系代词that或which,修饰先行词adventure。根据本句句意“尽管它(这些放好的石头)是你登山途中所见的唯一非自然事物,但它同样突出了整个奇遇过程,而且还给你提供了可以让你疼痛的双腿休息的地方”可知,adventure这个名词在空格后的句中不充当句子主语或其它成分,故此处不是定语从句。句中highlights the whole adventure和offers a place 是两个并列成分,故填and。
[例2](2020年新高考全国Ⅱ卷)Each volume in the set explores a wide range of material, explains the basic concepts of major applications of digital systems, 42 discusses the influences they have on everyday life.
解析:根据句意“系列中的每一卷探索了广泛的材料,解释了数字系统的主要应用的基本概念,并讨论了他们对日常生活的影响”可知,digital systems并未在空格后的句子中充当主语,故不是定语从句。再分析句子结构,explores,explains与 discusses是三个并列的谓语,故填and。
连词and是英语中使用频率很高的连词。当连接两个或两个以上动词,表示动作的连续性。连接多个谓语动词时通常放在最后两个动词之间。当语法填空题出现上述例子中空格前是名词,空格后是动词时,考生需认真分析到底是考查定语从句还是并列连词,重点关注空格前的名词是否在后面的句子中充当成分(即考查定语从句的关系词)或是否是并列结构(即考查并列连词)。
巩固练习
1.(2021年1月浙江卷)In a study of 33 years of trends in Body Mass Index(体重指数)across 200 countires, the scientists found that people worldwide are getting heavier ______ that most of the rise is due to gains in BMIin rural areas.
2.(2021年6月浙江卷)After Lincoln was elected President of the US in 1861, they rented the house and ______(sell)most of their furniture.
3.(2016年全国Ⅱ卷)If you feel stressed by responsibilities at work, you should take a step back and identify those of ______ (great)and less importance.
4.(2016年全國Ⅲ卷)Confucius believed knives would remind people of killings and ______(be)too violent for use at the table.
参考答案
1. and句中that people worldwide are getting heavier与that most of the rise is due to gains in BMIin rural areas是两个并列的宾语从句,故用连词and。
2. sold设空处与前面的rented 是由and连接的两个并列的谓语动词,也应用一般过去时,故填 sold。
3. greater因less 是形容词的比较级,根据and的并列一致原则,great也需要使用比较级,故填greater。
4. were由and连接宾语从句中的两个并列结构可知和would remind并列的应为谓语动词,故用be的过去式, 又因knives为复数形式,故填were。
责任编辑 蒋小青