方存明 伍超 胡学俊 刘冰
【摘要】 目的:探討不同途径应用替罗非班对急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)术后炎症因子及内皮功能的影响。方法:选择2018年1月-2019年3月本院心血管内科收治的拟行PCI术的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者110例。按随机数字表法将患者分为对照组55例和观察组55例。对照组患者给予常规治疗+替罗非班外周静脉滴注,首次计量为10 μg/kg,再以0.15 μg/(kg·min)经微量注射泵持续静脉泵入24 h;观察组患者常规治疗+替罗非班经冠状动脉内注射用药,首次用药剂量为10 μg/kg,再以0.15 μg/(kg·min)经微量注射泵行持续静脉注射24 h。比较两组患者术后血清CyPA、hs-CRP、MMP-9、NO、VEGF、vWF水平及不良反应发生情况。结果:术前及术后1 d,两组血清CyPA、hs-CRP、MMP-9、NO、VEGF、vWF比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);与术前相比,术后1 d,两组血清CyPA、hs-CRP、MMP-9、VEGF、vWF均明显升高,血清NO浓度均明显下降,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。术后1周,两组血清CyPA、hs-CRP、MMP-9、VEGF、vWF均较术后1 d明显下降,且观察组均明显低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。术后1周,两组血清NO均较术后1 d升高,且观察组高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。对照组不良反应发生率为18.2%,观察组不良反应发生率为18.2%,两组患者治疗期间的不良反应发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:在常规治疗的基础上,替罗非班经冠状动脉内注射用药与外周静脉用药相比,可明显降低急性心肌梗死患者PCI术后血清CyPA、hs-CRP、MMP-9、vWF、VEGF浓度,提高血清NO浓度,且未增加不良反应的发生。
【关键词】 替罗非班 心肌梗死 炎症因子
[Abstract] Objective: To investigate the effects of Tirofiban on inflammatory factors and endothelial function in patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Method: A total of 110 patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction who planned to undergo PCI were enrolled in the department of cardiology of our hospital from January 2018 to March 2019. According to random number table method, the patients were divided into control group 55 cases and observation group 55 cases. Control group was given conventional treatment + peripheral intravenous infusion of Tirofiban, the first dose was 10 μg/kg, and then 0.15 μg/ (kg·min) through microinjection pump for 24 h continuous intravenous infusion. Observation group was treated with routine therapy + Tirofiban intra-coronary injection, the first dose was 10 μg/kg, and then 0.15 μg/ (kg·min) through micro injection pump for continuous intravenous injection for 24 h. The levels of serum CyPA, hs-CRP, MMP-9, NO, VEGF, vWF and the incidence of adverse reactions were compared between two groups after operation. Result: Before and 1 d after surgery, there were no significant differences in serum CyPA, hs-CRP, MMP-9, NO, VEGF and VWF between the two groups (P>0.05). Compared with preoperation, 1 d after operation, serum CyPA, hs-CRP, MMP-9, VEGF and vWF were significantly increased in both groups, while serum NO concentration were significantly decreased, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05).
1 week after operation, the serum CyPA, hs-CRP, MMP-9, VEGF, vWF in both groups were significantly decreased compared with 1 d after operation, and the observation group were significantly lower than those of the control group, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). 1 week after operation, serum NO in both groups were higher than those on 1 d after operation, and the observation group was higher than the control group, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). The incidence of adverse reactions in the control group was 18.2%, and the incidence of adverse reactions in the observation group was 18.2%, there was no statistical significance in the incidence of adverse reactions between the two groups during treatment (P>0.05). Conclusion: On the basis of conventional treatment, Tirofiban intra-coronary injection compared with peripheral intravenous administration significantly reduced serum concentrations of CyPA, hs-CRP, MMP-9, vWF and VEGF in patients with acute myocardial infarction after PCI, increased serum NO concentration, and did not increase the occurrence of adverse reactions.
[Key words] Tirofiban Myocardial infarction Inflammatory factors
First-authors address: The Peoples Hospital of Xuancheng City, Xuancheng 242000, China
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2021.11.016
急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死是在冠狀动脉粥样硬化基础下斑块破裂,诱导血小板聚集、血栓形成,导致持续冠脉闭塞引起心肌梗死,是冠心病严重并发症之一。经皮冠状动脉介入术(PCI)能迅速开通闭塞冠脉,是恢复冠脉血流、改善心肌供血最有效的方法[1]。然而PCI术后球囊扩张、支架植入及冠脉再灌注损伤内皮细胞、激活冠脉局部炎症联级扩大,是PCI术后支架内再狭窄的重要因素[2-3]。替罗非班(Tirofiban)是一种血小板糖蛋白GPⅡb/Ⅲa拮抗剂,具有强效抗血小板聚集作用,预防急性血栓形成,广泛应用于临床[4],但给药途径仍有争议。本研究旨在探讨替罗非班不同给药途径对急诊PCI术后患者内皮功能及炎症因子的影响,为急性心肌梗死临床治疗提供依据,现报道如下。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料 选择2018年1月-2019年3月本院心血管内科收治的拟行PCI术的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者110例,男65例,女45例;年龄52~78岁,平均(63.2±2.1)岁。纳入标准:(1)均符合中华医学会心血管病学分会《急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死诊断和治疗》标准[5];(2)经冠状动脉造影证实。排除标准:严重肝、肾功能障碍;严重凝血机制异常;恶性肿瘤;近期有其他活动性出血病史如消化性溃疡等并发症;近期重大外伤、脑出血、脑梗死病史;心源性休克、自身免疫性疾病;严重的全身其他系统疾病。按随机数字表法将患者分为对照组55例和观察组55例。本研究方案经医院医学伦理委员会审核通过,所有患者均签署了知情同意书。
1.2 方法 两组确诊后均予以嚼服阿司匹林肠溶片(生产厂家:拜耳医药保健有限公司,批准文号:国药准字J20171021,规格:100 mg/片),300 mg+硫酸氢氯比格雷片(生产厂家:赛诺菲制药有限公司,批准文号:国药准字J20180029,规格:75 mg/片)
300 mg,口服阿托伐他汀片(生产厂家:辉瑞制药有限公司,批准文号:国药准字H20051408,规格:20 mg/片)20 mg。对照组术中立即予以替罗非班注射液(生产厂家:鲁南贝特制药有限公司,批准文号:国药准字H20090328,规格:50 mL︰
12.5 mg)外周静脉滴注,首次计量为10 μg/kg,再以0.15 μg/(kg·min)经微量注射泵持续静脉泵入24 h;观察组于术中予以替罗非班经冠状动脉内注射用药,首次用药剂量为10 μg/kg,再以
0.15 μg/(kg·min)经微量注射泵行持续静脉注射24 h,术后常规予以低分子肝素注射液(生产厂家:齐鲁制药有限公司,批准文号:国药准字H20030428,规格:0.2 mL︰2 500 IU)抗凝治疗。术后第1天开始口服阿司匹林肠溶片100 mg,1次/d,阿托伐他汀钙片20 mg,每晚1次;硫酸氢氯比格雷片75 mg,1次/d,根据患者病情需要给予血管紧张素转化酶抑制剂(ACEI)、β受体阻滞、硝酸酯类药。
1.3 观察指标 观察两组患者术后1 d和术后1周的CyPA、hs-CRP、MMP-9、NO、vWF、VEGF水平及不良反应发生情况。采用日立全自动生化分析仪以酶联免疫吸附(ELISA)法检测CyPA、MMP-9、
hs-CRP、VEGF、vWF,试剂盒购自上海亚培生物科技有限公司,采用硝酸还原酶比色法检测NO,试剂盒均购自深圳晶美生物工程有限公司。
1.4 统计学处理 采用SPSS 19.0软件对所得数据进行统计分析,计量资料用(x±s)表示,组间比较采用独立样本t检验,组内比较采用配对t检验;计数资料以率(%)表示,比较采用字2检验。以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 两组患者的基线资料比较 两组患者的性别、年龄、吸烟史等基线资料比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),具有可比性,见表1。
2.2 两组手术前后血清炎症因子水平比较 术前及术后1 d,两组血清CyPA、hs-CRP、MMP-9比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);与术前相比,术后1 d,两组血清CyPA、hs-CRP、MMP-9均明显升高,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);术后1周,两组血清CyPA、hs-CRP、MMP-9均较术后1 d明显下降,且观察组均明显低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见表2。
2.3 两组手术前后内皮细胞功能相关指标比
较 术前及术后1 d,两组血清NO、VEGF、vWF比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);与术前相比,术后1 d,两组血清NO浓度均明显下降,血清VEGF、vWF浓度均明显上升,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);术后1周,两组血清NO均较术后1 d升高,且观察组高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);术后1周,两组血清VEGF、vWF均较术后1 d下降,且观察组均低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见表3。
2.4 两组不良反应发生情况比较 治疗期间对照组患者出现头晕4例、食欲不振3例、皮疹1例、其他2例,不良反应发生率为18.2%;观察组患者出现头晕5例、食欲不振2例、皮疹2例、其他1例,不良反应发生率为18.2%。两组患者治疗期间的不良反应发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。
3 讨论
急诊PCI术是开通罪犯血管,改善冠状动脉供血,降低死亡率和改善预后最直接、最有效的方法[5]。但是PCI术中球囊扩展、支架植入等原因损伤内皮细胞、扩大冠状动脉局部炎症联级反应,致使多种炎症因子及黏附分子表达是最终造成支架内再狭窄的重要原因[6-7]。因此改善PCI术后内皮细胞功能、抑制炎症反应,对PCI术后患者预后至关重要。
大量研究表明,氧化应激产生活性氧(ROS)诱导血管平滑肌细胞分泌的CyPA,两者相互影响形成放大效应,诱导炎症细胞释放多种炎症因子、促进平滑肌细胞增生和迁移,参与冠心病發生和发展过程[8];hs-CRP是炎症反应的非特异性标记物,参与冠心病发展的病理生理过程,PCI术后冠状动脉内皮细胞损失、局部炎症因子联级反应,诱导hs-CRP大量分泌,促进支架内内膜增生,是PCI术后再狭窄重要因素[9];炎症细胞分泌MMP-9能降解细胞外基质(ECM),诱导粥样斑块内血管的生成、血管平滑肌细胞迁移、炎症细胞聚集,促进冠状动脉斑块增长和破裂[10];血管内皮细胞释放NO具有扩张血管、抑制炎症细胞黏附、血小板聚集,保证冠状动脉灌注和微循环,PCI术后内皮细胞功能受损,NO分泌不足,致血管痉挛,加重心肌缺血[11-12];血管内皮细胞缺血、缺氧状况下分泌大量VEGF,可诱导内皮细胞增生、新生血管形成,改善缺血心肌供血,与心肌缺血程度成正相关[13-17];vWF由血管内皮细胞合成并存储于内皮细胞之中,血管内皮细胞受损后分泌到血液中参与血栓形成,是血管内皮损伤的特异性标志物之一[18-22]。
替罗非班血小板膜糖蛋白GPⅡb/Ⅲa受体拮抗剂,具有高特异性,可以有效抑制血小板聚集、减轻炎症反应及改善内皮细胞功能。本研究结果显示与术前相比,术后1 d,两组血清CyPA、hs-CRP、MMP-9、VEGF、vWF均明显升高,血清NO浓度均明显下降,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),提示急性心肌梗死心肌缺血、急诊PCI术中球囊扩张、支架植入、再灌注损伤等因素诱发冠状动脉局部炎症反应扩大,内皮细胞功能受损。
术后1周,两组血清CyPA、hs-CRP、MMP-9、VEGF、vWF均较术后1 d明显下降,血清NO浓度均较术后1 d升高,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),提示替罗非班能抑制血小板聚集、改善冠状动脉微循环、抑制冠状动脉局部炎症反应,改善内皮细胞功能。术后1周,观察组与对照组相比,血清CyPA、hs-CRP、MMP-9、vWF、VEGF下降更明显,血清NO浓度明显上升,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),提示经冠状动脉内途径注入替罗非班较外周静脉途径注入替罗非班更能改善急诊PCI术后冠状动脉内皮细胞功能、抑制冠状动脉局部炎症反应、改善心脏微循环。
综上所述,经冠状动脉内途径注入替罗非班更能改善急诊PCI术后冠状动脉内皮细胞功能、抑制炎症反应,改善患者预后,但本研究样本量较少,此结论有待大样本,多中心进一步研究证实。
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(收稿日期:2020-07-27) (本文編辑:姬思雨)