任慧 邢曙光 马珺珂 孙军
【关键词】 急性胰腺炎 红细胞分布宽度/血小板计数 BISAP评分
[Abstract] Objective: To explore the value of red blood cell distribution width/platelet count (RPR) in evaluating the severity of acute pancreatitis. Method: Data of 188 patients with acute pancreatitis (AP) admitted to Jinzhou Central Hospital from January 2017 to January 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. According to the severity of the disease, the patients were divided into mild acute pancreatitis (MAP) group, moderate severe acute pancreatitis (MSAP) group and severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) group. RPR, BISAP score, Ranson score and other indicators were compared among all groups, and Spearman correlation analysis was used to evaluate the correlation between RPR and other indicators and scores. logistic regression analysis was used to determine independent predictors of AP severity, and receiver operating curve (ROC) was drawn to evaluate the diagnostic value of RPR in the severity of acute pancreatitis. Result: Comparison of WBC, MPV, PCT, ALB, Ca2+, RPR, BISAP and Ranson scores among three groups, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). The MPV of SAP group was significantly higher than those of MAP group and MSAP group, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). WBC and ALB in SAP group were higher than those in MAP group, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). PCT, Ca2+, RPR, BISAP and Ranson scores in SAP group were all higher than those in MAP group and MSAP group, and PCT, Ca2+, RPR, BISAP and Ranson scores in MSAP group were all higher than those in MAP group, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). RPR was positively correlated with WBC, MPV, PCT, BISAP and Ranson scores (P<0.05), RPR was negatively correlated with ALB and Ca2+ (P<0.05). logistic regression analysis showed that PCT, RPR, Ca2+, BISAP and Ranson scores were independent predictors of AP severity (P<0.05). The area under the ROC curve (AUC) of RPR was 0.881, the sensitivity and specificity were 85.1% and 77.3%, respectively, and the optimal threshold was 0.082. The AUC of PCT, Ca2+, BISAP and Ranson scores were 0.851, 0.858, 0.904 and 0.894 respectively. Z test showed that there were no statistical significance in the diagnostic efficacy of RPR for SAP compared with PCT, Ca2+, BISAP and Ranson scores (P>0.05). Conclusion: RPR is a good predictor of the severity of AP, and its value in assessing the severity of AP is comparable to PCT, Ca2+, BISAP and Ranson scores.
[Key words] Acute pancreatitis Red blood cell distribution width/platelet count BISAP score
First-author’s address: Graduate School of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121000, China
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2021.21.021
急性胰腺炎(acute pancreatitis, AP)是由多种病因导致胰酶在胰腺内被激活后引起胰腺组织自身消化、出血坏死等炎症反应,伴或不伴其他器官功能障碍[1]。AP是临床上常见的一种急腹症,其中重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)有着起病急、进展快、多并发症、死亡率高、预后差的特点。在临床工作中早期准确评估AP患者严重程度,并积极合理治疗可降低其并发症和死亡率[2]。2008年急性胰腺炎床旁严重度指数(BISAP评分)系统被提出,其评分项目简单,易于获得,被临床广泛应用,近年有大量研究表明RDW与急性胰腺炎病情严重程度有关[3-4],文献[5-6]报道血小板计数(PLT)能够准确反映AP严重程度,和四伟[7]研究表明,红细胞分布宽度/血小板计数(RPR)对妊娠期急性胰腺炎严重程度有良好的预测价值。本研究将探讨RPR对AP严重程度的评估价值,并与AP评分、化验指标相比较,来进一步检验RPR对AP病情严重程度的评估效能。现报道如下。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料 回顾性分析2017年1月-2020年1月锦州市中心医院消化内科、普外科收治的188例急性胰腺炎(AP)患者的资料。纳入标准:(1)符合中国急性胰腺炎诊治指南(2019年,沈阳)的诊断标准[8];(2)发病至入院时间<24 h;(3)年龄>18岁;(4)资料完整。排除标准:(1)伴有心肝肾慢性基础病;(2)合并血液系统疾病、恶性肿瘤、自身免疫性疾病;(3)外科手术及医源性急性胰腺炎;(4)妊娠期和不配合治疗。根据中国急性胰腺炎诊治指南(2019年,沈阳)[8]将患者分为轻症急性胰腺炎(MAP)组71例,中重症急性胰腺炎(MSAP)组70例,重癥急性胰腺炎(SAP)组47例。本研究经锦州市中心医院伦理委员会审核批准。
1.2 方法 收集患者一般资料,包括性别、年龄、病因,入院48 h内第一次化验指标:白细胞计数(WBC)、血红蛋白(HB)、尿素氮(BUN)、降钙素原(PCT)、平均血小板体积(MPV)、血清白蛋白(ALB)、钙(Ca2+)、RPR、影像学资料等,并对患者进行BISAP评分、Ranson评分。
1.3 观察指标 比较MAP组、MSAP组、SAP组的临床资料;分析RPR与其他化验指标、评分的相关性;分析急性胰腺炎严重程度的独立预测因素;RPR对重症急性胰腺炎的预测价值。
1.4 统计学处理 采用SPSS 25.0软件对所得数据进行统计分析,符合正态的计量资料用(x±s)表示,偏态分布资料用M(P25,P75)表示,组间比较采用独立样本t检验或非参数检验,多组间比较采用方差分析或Kruskal-Wallis H检验;计数资料以率(%)表示,比较采用字2检验。采用Spearman相关分析评估RPR与AP病情严重程度的相关性,有序回归分析AP病情严重程度的独立预测因素,利用受试者工作特征曲线评估RPR诊断SAP的灵敏度和特异度,并根据约登指数选取最佳截断值。以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 MAP组、MSAP组、SAP组患者一般资料比较 三组的性别、年龄、病因比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),具有可比性,见表1。
2.2 MAP组、MSAP组、SAP组的临床资料比较 三组WBC、MPV、PCT、ALB、Ca2+、RPR、BISAP评分、Ranson评分比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);三组HB比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。SAP组MPV显著高于MAP组、MSAP组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);SAP组WBC、ALB均高于MAP组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);SAP组PCT、Ca2+、RPR、BISAP评分、Ranson评分均高于MAP组、MSAP组,MSAP组PCT、Ca2+、RPR、BISAP评分、Ranson评分均高于MAP组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见表2。
2.3 RPR与其他化验指标、评分的相关性分析 RPR与WBC、MPV、PCT、BISAP评分、Ranson评分均呈正相关(rs=0.160、0.218、0.404、0.615、0.535,P<0.05);RPR与ALB、Ca2+均呈负相关(rs=-0.173、-0.532,P<0.05)。
2.4 急性胰腺炎严重程度的独立预测因素分析 根据是否诊断为SAP,将患者分为SAP组与非SAP组(MAP组+MSAP组)。以SAP组与非SAP组间比较差异有统计学意义的指标为X,以重症急性胰腺炎为Y进行logistic回归分析,发现PCT、RPR、Ca2+、BISAP评分、Ranson评分均是AP严重程度的独立预测因素(P<0.05),见表3。
2.5 RPR对重症急性胰腺炎的预测价值 将上述指标绘制ROC曲线。ROC结果显示:RPR的ROC曲线下面积(AUC)为0.881[95%CI(0.826,0.923)],其灵敏度、特异度分别为85.1%、77.3%,最佳阈值为0.082,PCT的AUC为0.851[95%CI(0.792,0.898)],Ca2+的AUC为0.858[95%CI(0.800,0.904)],BISAP评分的AUC为0.904[95%CI(0.853,0.942)],Ranson评分的AUC为0.894[95%CI(0.840,0.934)]。经Z检验,RPR对SAP的诊断效能与PCT、Ca2+、BISAP评分、Ranson评分相比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表4和图1。
3 讨论
多种原因均可以诱发AP,胆源性胰腺炎是我国急性胰腺炎的主要病因,酒精性、高脂血症性次之,随着我国人民生活水平的提高,高脂血症性胰腺炎的发病率逐年升高。研究显示,SAP的患病率为22.3%,且SAP有高死亡率和高并发症发生率[9]。因此早期正确评估AP患者病情对降低其并发症率及死亡率至关重要。
目前RPR与AP之间的作用机制尚未研究透彻,考虑与炎症反应有关。AP的开始阶段为胰蛋白酶的异常激活,被激活的胰蛋白酶会激活胰腺局部炎症细胞,并释放各种炎症介质、毒素[10-11]。炎症因子可以影响骨髓中网织红细胞及铁代谢,进而影响骨髓造血;炎症介质也可通过对红细胞膜的破坏,影响红细胞生存率,促进未成熟红细胞进入外周血液循环,使RDW增大[12];炎症应激反应影响骨髓造血功能,抑制网织红细胞发育为成熟红细胞,抑制促红细胞生成素(EPO)的生成及释放,使更大、更幼稚的红细胞释放入血,造成RDW增大[13];当发生SAP时,机体可以出现长时间的血液灌注不足进而出现急性肾衰竭,长期静脉营养和机体长期处于应激状态可以导致贫血,使RDW增加[14];RDW升高代表着红细胞均匀一致性降低,增大的红细胞变形能力下降。这些大量体积增大且变形能力下降的红细胞被释放到外周血液循环时,会增加外周循环阻力,导致微循环灌注不足,造成受损的胰腺组织发生缺血、缺氧,可引起胰腺炎的进一步加重。大量的炎症因子也可以破坏血管内皮细胞,导致白细胞向组织迁移,通过减少血栓素的降解,使血小板的黏合度增加、血小板聚集[15],并激活凝血途径形成微血管血栓,甚至形成弥散性血管内凝血(DIC)[16],造成血小板消耗性减少;外周血液中各种炎症因子、毒素等通过免疫反应使血小板破坏过多[15]。因此,可以解释在AP患者外周血中,RDW升高,PLT下降,进而引起RPR在AP中的变化。
本研究结果显示,三组RPR比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),说明RPR可能与AP病情严重程度有关。本研究为检验RPR对AP严重程度的评估价值,将血清炎症指标和BISAP评分、Ranson评分纳入了观察范围。本研究结果显示,RPR与WBC、MPV、PCT、BISAP评分、Ranson评分均呈正相关(P<0.05),RPR与ALB、Ca2+均呈负相关(P<0.05),说明RPR随AP病情的加重而增大。本研究对SAP组与非SAP组比较有统计学意义的指标进行了logistic回归分析,发现PCT、Ca2+、RPR、BISAP评分、Ranson评分是AP严重程度的独立预测因素,说明RPR可能对AP严重程度有评估价值。但这需要扩大样本进一步研究证实。
基于以上研究结果,本研究利用ROC曲线分析RPR与其他指标、评分对AP严重程度的评估价值,结果显示RPR的ROC曲线下面积(AUC)为0.881,最佳阈值为0.082,灵敏度为85.1%,特异度为77.3%。与邓兴峰等[17]研究结果相似,其通过对145例AP患者的回顾性研究发现,RPR诊断SAP的曲线下面积为0.809,认为RPR对AP严重程度有预测价值。与邓兴峰等[17]研究结果稍有差异的原因考虑与分组不同及纳入样本量有关。在本次研究中,BISAP评分曲线下面积最大为0.904,RPR的敏感性最高为85.1%,Ranson评分特异度最高为87.9%。本研究发现RPR的灵敏度最高,其对SAP的诊断较其他指标更敏感,而特异度一般,这可能与本次研究为回顾性研究且纳入的样本量较少有关。发现RPR的曲线下面积高于PCT(AUC=0.851)、Ca2+(AUC=0.858),低于BISAP评分(AUC=0.904)、Ranson评分(AUC=0.894),但经Z检验比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),说明RPR对AP严重程度的评估价值与PCT、Ca2+、BISAP评分、Ranson评分相当。Cho等[18]研究发现Ranson评分、BISAP评分对SAP的预测价值相当,Hagjer等[19]也发现PCT、BISAP评分对SAP的预测价值相当,而目前尚无文献报道,RPR与其他指标对SAP评估价值的比较。因此,RPR对AP严重程度的评估价值仍需多中心、扩大样本进一步研究。
综上所述,RPR是AP病情严重程度的良好预测因子,其对AP严重程度的評估价值与PCT、Ca2+、BISAP评分、Ranson评分相当。
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(收稿日期:2020-11-11) (本文编辑:姬思雨)