英语三大从句基本用法讲解与精练

英语中复合句的使用非常广泛，这项语法也是历年各地高考语法考查的重点和难点。一般来说，复合句由主句和从句组成，从句充当主句的一个句子成份。按照从句在主句中的作用相当于何种词类这一角度，可以将从句划分为三大类：名词从句、形容词从句、副词从句。连接主句和从句的语法标记就是从属关系词。同学们如果能够清楚三大从句的功能，灵活掌握从属关联词的用法，则不但可以在做单项填空等语法题时游刃有余，也有助于对阅读理解中的长、难句进行分析，准确把握文章内容。

一、 名词从句

1. 种类与功能。名词从句包括宾语从句、主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句。用来引导名词从句的关系词有：that; whether; 疑问词：what， which， who（m）， whose， when， where， why， how。

I guess that you must be exhausted after a hard day. （宾语从句）

He didn't know whether the snake was poisonous or not. （宾语从句）

Whether there is water here is a matter in dispute. （主语从句）

The mystery is where he lives. （表语从句）

Let us know your address， where you live in college time. （同位语从句）

2. 基本用法。

（1）疑问词在引导名词从句时根据是否保留或失去疑问意义，功能也不尽相同，准确区分则可以有助于同学们理解题干及阅读材料。

Please tell me where she's living. 请告诉我她住在哪儿。（where保留疑问意义）

That's where he's living. 那就是他的住处。（where失去疑问意义）

（2）名词从句做主语时容易造成主语太长，给人以“头重脚轻”之感，因此常用形式主语it代替，被代替的名词从句则移至句尾。

Whether she can pass the exam is unknown.

→It is unknown whether she can pass the exam.

真题解析：It is not a problem we can win the battle; it's just a matter of time. （2020江苏高考25）

A. whether B. why

C. when D. where

析：该题句意为“我们能否赢得比赛并不是问题，这是迟早的事情”。前句中，it 作为形式主语置于句首，空格后主谓宾结构完整，故应填whether表示能否，原句为Whether we can win the battle is not a problem.

（3）that 引导的名词从句不能直接加在介词之后，需要将从句中的主语转换为所有格加动名词的结构，此类用法在阅读理解题型中较为常见。

The teachers are worried about that he plays around all day.

析：上句为错误结构。正确用法为：删去that，将he改为所有格形式his， play改为动名词playing，原句改为：

The teachers are worried about his playing around all day.

二、 形容词从句

1. 种类及功能。形容词从句即定语从句，用来修饰句子中的名词，被修饰的名词称为先行词，定语从句跟在先行词的后面。按照二者的紧密程度可以将定语从句分为两类：限制性定语从句，非限制性定语从句（即用逗号将先行词与定语从句隔开）。

Couch potato refers to a person who spends a lot of time on the couch watching television.

It is the third time that she has won the race， which has surprised us all.

2. 基本用法。

（1）指代人时主格用who，宾格用whom。指代事物时用which。指代整个句子时，也用which。

I believe people who do not know about the life of Steve Jobs or the history of Apple may find it difficult to follow. （指代人，主格）

Peter Lai is a great teacher （whom） many students respect. （指代人，賓格，可省略）

Andy flunked the exam， which somewhat surprised us. （指代全句）

（2）使用原则。关系代词之前要有先行词;该关系代词在所引导的定语中充当主语、宾语或者表语;如果不能，则应根据从句中动词的用法找到合适的介词，再将介词移至关系代词前。

Tom is a boss who I like to work.

析：上句为错误的结构。句中先行词boss是人，故应当使用关系代词who，但从句who I like to work中，已经有主语I， 且who也不能充当work的宾语，故根据语义应当在关系代词who前添加相应的介词。

Tom is a boss who I like to work for. （劣）

Tom is a boss for who I like to work. （佳）

真题解析：Many lessons are now available online， from students can choose for free. （2020江苏高考21）

A. whose B. which

C. when D. whom

析：该题句意为“现在网络上有许多在线课程，学生们可以免费从中选择（学习）”。同学们找到先行词many lessons后，则可以确定关系代词应该用which。由于题干中已经给出动词choose的搭配介词from，所以该题比较容易解答。

（3）“介词+关系代词which”均可以变化成关系副词（where， when， why， how），成为考查重点。其中，where， when 和“介词+关系代词which”的转换较为多见。

We live in an age when more information is available with greater ease than ever before.

析：此处的when 用法等于 in which。

Kunming is the city where I met my wife.

析：此处的where 用法等于 in which。

真题解析：Selfdriving is an area China and the rest of the world are on the same starting line. （2018江苏高考）

析：该题句意为“自动驾驶是中国和世界上其他国家和地区站在同一起跑线的领域”。先行词为an area，“领域”应该用关系代词which引导， 但从句中既有主语China and the rest of the world，也有表语on the same starting line，which不能再充当从句中的主语或表语，故考虑和an area搭配的介词in， 故答案应为in which或where。

此外，why 用法等于 for which， how 用法等于 in which。

Paul doesn't know the reason why （for which） his girlfriend left.

This is the usual way how （in which） the workers handle the problem.

（4）限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别。当先行词为专有名词及独一性名词时，为显示出其特殊性，应当使用非限制性定语从句。

Opposite is St. Paul's Church， in which you can hear some lovely music.

（5）限制性定語从句中，一般可以用that 作为关系代词，替换who， whom或which。

Tik Tok（抖音）is a popular app that （which） many youngsters like to use.

但特别需要注意两种情形。

第一，必须使用that的情形：先行词前有序数词、最高级、the very， the only， all等词修饰，或两个性质不同的名词共用一个关系代词，以及有时为避免关系代词与疑问词重复。

This is the very bus that I'm waiting for. （the very）

Maybe that is the best way that has been used to protect the environment. （最高级）

An ecosystem consists of the living and nonliving things in an area that interact with one another. （两个性质不同的名词共用一个关系代词）

Which is the phone that you lost？ （避免关系代词与疑问词重复）

第二，不能使用that 的情形：关系代词前有介词，that 本身即为先行词时。

This knife is the tool with which the murder killed the guy.

What's that which flashed through the sky just now.

三、 副词从句

1. 种类及功能。副词连接词置于任何一个从句前，该从句就是副词从句，常被称为状语从句。常考的副词连接词有because， though， unless， while， once等。从表达的意义来看，状语从句可以表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、比较、方式等，用来修饰主句。

You will be late for class unless you leave immediately. （表条件）

She insisted on her own opinion even though she was wrong. （表让步）

2. 基本用法与常见考点。

（1）避免双重连接。受中文习惯影响，有的同学不注意会把因为……所以……（because... so...） 、尽管……但是……（though... but...）在英文中同时使用，造成双重连接的错误。

Though she is nice， but I don' like her.

析：上句为错误的结构，正确的写法只需将though或but 保留一个即可，理由是：两个句子只能由一个连词来连接，从而使其中一个句子变成状语从句修饰主句。

真题解析：Although we allow tomato plants to grow in the same place year after year， but we have never had any disease or insect attack problem. （全国卷 单句改错）

析：该题句意为“尽管每年我们在同一个地方种植西红柿，但我们从未遇到过病虫害的问题”。翻译成中文句意通顺，但是英文原文将although与but连用，则犯了双重连接的错误，将although或but删去一词即可。

（2）if， when， once， as soon as， unless等引导的条件状语从句，主句用一般将来时，从句用一般现在时。

Once he is free， he will travel abroad.

析：虽然他将来有空才会出国旅游，但此处“他有空”表示的是一个条件，故应使用一般现在时来表达。

注意：这种用一般现在时表条件状语从句的用法也可引申在定语从句中使用。

真题解析：If you look at all sides of the situation， you'll find probably a solution that everyone. （2020江苏高考22）

A. suit B. suited

C. suits D. has suited

析：该题句意为“如果你全面审视现在的情形，你将可能会找到一个适合大家的解决方案”。主句是一个定语从句，先行词为solution， that 引导的定语从句“适合大家的”也可视为一个条件，故应当使用一般现在时态，此题答案为C， “suits”。

（3）though引导的让步状语从句可以与as， as... as...引导的状语从句相互转换。

Though the millionaire is rich， he isn't happy.

Rich as the millionaire is， he isn't happy.

As rich as the millionaire is， he isn't happy.

（4）while表示“当……”时，用作副词连接词引导状语从句;while也可连接并列句，表示前后对比，译作“而……”。

Men can speak about seventy words in a minute while women can speak more than one hundred.

四、 形容詞从句（定语从句）与分词结构的转换

1. 限制性定语从句中，如果关系代词作主语时，可以简化为分词短语。具体步骤为：先将关系代词省略，将be动词改为being后，亦可省去。

The woman who is dancing with David over there is his mother.

→The woman who （being） dancing with David over there is his mother.

→The woman dancing with David over there is his mother.

Who is the boy that is locked behind the door？

→Who is the boy that （being） locked behind the door？

→ Who is the boy locked behind the door？

2.非限制性定语从句中，主系表结构可简化为主语同位语使用。具体步骤为：将关系代词省略，be动词变为being后也予以省略。

Daniel， who is a good friend of mine， won the first place in the competition.

→ Daniel， who （being） a good friend of mine， won the first place in the competition.

→ Daniel， a good friend of mine， won the first place in the competition.

真题解析：Technological innovations， good marketing， will promote the sales of these products. （2020江苏高考31）

A. combined with

B. combining with

C. having combined with

D. to be combined with

析：该题句意为“技术创新与良好的市场营销相结合，将促进这些产品的销售”。该句由非限制性定语从句转换而来，先行词technological innovations 之后为从句which is combined with good marketing，去掉which后，is 变成being，再予以省略。故应选A。

五、 副词从句（状语从句）与分词结构的转换

1. Once， when， while， if， unless， though等常见连词引导的状语从句中，如果主语与主句中的主语相同时，可简化为分词结构。具体步骤为，先将相同主语省略，将be动词改为being后，亦可省去，如果是动词，要变成现在分词，不能省略。

If I am free， I'll go to the movies with you.

→If I （being） free， I'll go to the movies with you.

→If free， I'll go to the movies with you.

Unless you are otherwise instructed， you should do as I said.

→Unless you （being） otherwise instructed， you should do as I said.

→Unless otherwise instructed， you should do as I said.

When he was young， he left home. （少小离家）

→When he （being） young， he left home.

→When young， he left home.

2. 当变成否定分词结构时，句式转换方法同上，但not 要置于分词前。

Because he was not satisfied with the result， Tom decided to try again.

析：由于because 表示原因，从句中he与主句主语相同，二词均省略。Was改为being，再将not 置于句首，原句简化为：

Not （being） satisfied with the result， Tom decided to try again.

I didn't intend to see her again. I left the party.

析：去掉相同主语后，助动词也要省略。原句简化为：

Not intending to see her again， I left the party.

3. 当从句和主句的主语不同时，从句中的主语要予以保留，同时将动词变为动名词即可。

Lucy's father is doing the dishes in the kitchen while her mother is sharing something on moments（刷朋友圈）.

Lucy's father is doing the dishes in the kitchen while her mother sharing something on moments.

语法精练

1. The teacher gives the students a case the word can be used.

A. whose B. which

C. when D. where

2. The company will reach the sales target in two weeks it set at the beginning of the year.

A. whose B. which

C. when D. where

3. Frankly speaking， I like the book cover is a little broken.

A. of which B. which

C. when D. where

4. All the neighbors admire this family the parents treat their children like friends.

A. that B. which

C. how D. where

5. The first chapter of the novel is difficult to understand， the second part is quite easy.

A. while B. since

C. so D. as

6. Helen was much kinder to her youngest child than she was to the others， ， of course， made the others jealous.

A. whose B. which

C. when D. that

7. The reason the student felt unfair was the teacher misunderstood him.

A. for which; because B. that; which

C. that; because D. why; that

8. You will want two trees about ten feet apart， from to suspend your tent.

A. there B. which

C. them D. where

9. When a new city， most people like to go sightseeing to see new things.

A. visiting B. visited

C. visits D. having visited

10. nearly all our money， we couldn't afford to stay at a hotel.

A. Spending B. Having spent

C. We spent D. Spends

參考答案

1—5 DCADA 6—10 BDBAB

（作者：张金科，江苏省南京大学鼓楼校区）