种植与生境

过了惊蛰，万物萌发，又到了山花烂漫，春意盎然的时节，一直到清明，都是踏青的好日子。《诗经》中“昔我往矣，杨柳依依”讲的本是古人离别时的场景，但风格意境寄托于树枝摇动带来的亲近之意，由此“杨柳”代表的惜别之情持续了近3 000年。钱穆先生说这带着性灵的比兴，就是诗的境界。有了这样源自植物的诗意，种植既是生存，也成了生活中花园、树林与园林营造的传统。

大致和《诗经》同一时代的《荷马史诗》中记述着奥德修斯（Odysseus）进入雅典国王庄园中歆羡地观赏由清泉灌溉的梨、石榴、苹果、葡萄、无花果等高大果木以及枝繁叶茂的橄榄树、争奇斗艳的花草构成的植物景致。而彼时雅典已在广场、体育场、学园等公共场所进行植物的设计与种植。成行的梧桐树、橄榄树、柳、杨等为市民露天进行活动提供了舒适的遮阴。哲学家柏拉图（Plato）也曾因为广场上梧桐树的树荫而赞美它。诗人品达（Pindar）把古代奥运会举办地种植的橄榄树描述为“宙斯的小树林”。据推测这种橄榄就是“王冠橄榄”，按照传统，奥运会冠军的胜利王冠就是用这种橄榄树枝编成的，这一体育精神的象征延续至今。

伴随着种植，园林的营造表达着对自然生机与活力的赞美。颐和园在玉澜堂到宜芸馆之间的夕佳楼，是傍晚时分面西观赏湖景的地方，上挂对联“隔叶晚莺藏谷口，唼花雏鸭聚塘坳”，描绘的即是夕阳下一派生机活泼的自然景象。这里提到了水中种植形成的生境对水禽鸟类的吸引，生动有趣，相得益彰。

孙筱祥先生在20世纪60年代撰写的《园林艺术及园林设计》中有1/3篇幅讲种植设计，其中有一段关于月光下植物配置的论述：“在月光下，红花变为褐色，黄花变为灰白，白花则带着青灰色，淡青色和淡蓝色的花卉则比较清楚。因此举行月光晚会的夜花园，应该多用色彩亮度较强，明度较高的花卉，例如，淡青色、淡蓝色、白色、淡黄色的花卉。在月光下，花卉的色相是不可能丰富的，为了使月夜的景色迷人，补救色彩的不足，最好多运用具有强烈芳香的植物”，进而提到作为生境的要点“自然界的显花植物中，许多虫媒花，由于蛾类都在夜间活动，长期自然选择的结果，许多夜间开花，在色彩上虽然大都是白色、淡蓝色或淡黄色，但都是有浓烈的芳香以吸引昆虫”。此段讲述了融合色彩、芳香、生态习性的种植对月光下夜花园动人景色的生境与意境营造。

②利用机械变频机组进行变频。购置极数、频率不同的两台卧式电机，同轴连接。其中一台电动机接电网侧，工作在发电机状态，在50Hz工频下运行；另一台电动机在低于工频的某一频率，产生一个低频小电网，带动同步机组倒转发电，从而将水泵机组由额定转速降低至相应的发电转速，从而提高发电效率。这种方式在刘老涧站、泗阳站都有成功的运用经验。

InHomer’s Epic, which is roughly at the same time asThe Book of Songs, Odysseus admired the gorgeous planting landscape in the king’s manor of Athens depicted by tall fruit trees (pears, pomegranates, apples, grapes, figs) watered by clear springs, as well as the luxuriant olive trees and vibrant flowers. At that time, the urban greening of Athens had conducted plants design in public places such as agora stadium and academy with rows of buttonwood, olive trees, willows and poplars that provided comfortable shade for citizens to conduct activities in the open air. The philosopher Plato has praised the buttonwood in the square for its shade. Besides, the poet Pindar described the olive trees planted at the ancient site of Olympic Games as “the grove of Zeus”. It is presumed that the olive is supposed to be the “crown olive”, which is traditionally used for the winning crowns of Olympic champions as a symbol of sportsmanship that continues till today.

2.1.2 供试品溶液 将富马酸喹硫平片置于相应溶出介质中后，照溶出度测定方法操作，分别于0、5、10、15、20、30 min时取10 mL溶出液（同时补充相应同温新鲜介质10 mL），滤过，作为供试品溶液。

主编：郑曦教授

2020年3月16日

Planting and Habitat

Along with planting, the garden creation expresses the praise for the vitality of nature. The Xijia Pavilion in the Summer Palace, located in-between the Yulan court and the Yiyun court, is a place to enjoy the lake-scape in the evening. An attached couplet presents that “in the setting sun, songbirds use the huge lotus leaf as their nest, and little ducks gnaws at the flowers, gathering in shallow water ponds”, which depicts a lively scene of nature in the sun set, and actually represent the habitat of water planting attracting waterfowl, vividly and interestingly complement with each other.

种植实际上给予了我们一种期盼，不断生长与四时流变的期盼，生境营造与生物多样性提升的期盼；同时，植物的美丽也在不断地感动着我们。种植并不是园林景观的一部分，而是塑造了它。

作为营造的材料，设计师需要了解植物生长所需的地形、土壤、气候和它的形态与生态学特征；还需要了解植物的潜力，如生长的速度、最大高度和宽度以及成熟时的特性等，也要知道它单株的形式，更要熟悉它们组合起来的样子。事实上植物在种植前就存在了，它们是在不断生长和变化中的。这也意味着种植工程不会完工，需要我们持续养护与监测植物的生长情况，评价其对提升生物多样性的贡献，对增进人与自然、人与人情感交流的贡献。今天的种植设计和生境紧密地联合在了一起，种植在表达自然美、艺术美的同时也以生物、生态学的知识作为支撑，这样的植物体系也是整个城市唯一有生命的基础设施。

式中:为过程方差，R(θ,x,w)为具有参数θ的相关性函数[22]。在可靠性设计优化中,通常采用平方指数函数(即各向异性高斯函数)作为相关性函数[18]，其表达形式如下：

The solar term of Insects Awaken has just passed, here comes a vigorous spring with all creatures sprouting and flowers blooming everywhere, indeed it is a good season for outings until the Qingming Festival.The Book of Songshas the saying: “When I left here, willows were blowing in the wind”, which describes the scene of farewell in ancient times, but attach with the artistic conception of intimate emotion brought by the swinging of the willow branches. It lasted nearly 3,000 years using “willow” to represent the hardness of farewell. QIAN Mu says that analogy with inherent spirit is the realm of poetry. With such poetic flavor rooted in plants, planting has also become the tradition for gardens, grove and landscape creation except for the survival production.

两组患者麻醉效果如表1所示,观察组产妇的痛觉恢复时间等综合麻醉效果要好于对照组,两组差异性较大(P>0.05),具有统计学意义。

One third pages of the booklandscape Art and Designwritten by SUN Xiao-xiang in the 1960s is devoted to planting design, among which there is a discussion on the planting design in the moonlight: “in the moonlight, the red flowers turn brown, the yellow flowers turn gray, the white flowers turn steel-gray, and the light cyan and pale blue flowers are more clear. Thus, the night garden holding moonlight evening party should be decorated with flowers with stronger color, such as, light cyan, pale blue, white, and faint yellow. In the moonlight, the color of flowers is hardly to present rich so that it is best to use more plants with strong aroma in order to compensate for the lack of color.” The key to the habitat is that “in flowering plants, many insect flowers are night flowers and are mostly in colors of white, pale blue or faint yellow with strong aroma to attract insects, because moths are nocturnal, which is the result of long-term natural selection.” This paragraph expounds the creation of habitat and artistic conception of the night garden in the moonlight with planting design considering color, aroma, ecological habits.

The designer should comprehensively understand the landform, soil, climate, shape and ecological characteristics of plants as the material of landscape design. It is also necessary for designers to understand the potential of plants, such as its growth rate, maximum height and width, and characteristics at maturity, as well as its individual planting form, and be more familiar with the way they were put together in clusters. In fact, plants exist before being planted and they are consistently growing and changing, which also means that the planting projects never come to the ends, and it will require us to continuously maintain and monitor the growth of plants, to evaluate their contribution to the improvement of biodiversity, and to the enhancement of human interaction with nature and human emotions. Today’s planting design and habitat are closely linked together. Supported by the knowledge of biology and ecology, planting expresses the beauty of nature and art. Such plant system is the only living infrastructure of the whole city.

Planting actually stands for expectations, the expectation of continuous growth, the expectation of constant transitions among seasons and years, and the expectation of habitat creation and biodiversity improvement. Simultaneously, we are always being moved by the beauty of plants. Planting shapes the landscape, instead of being part of it.