河北 张 伟
众所周知,在语言学习的过程中,“听”的能力至关重要,听和读属于输入环节,有了好的输入,才能更好地进行输出,即说、写,从而进一步提升语言学习的综合能力。英语核心素养对“听”的考查做了明确要求,即通过重音、语调、节奏的变化理解说话人所表达的意义、意图和情感;通过听来抓住日常生活语段的大意并获取其中的主要信息、观点和文化背景。在高考英语试卷中,听力试题占有举足轻重的地位。虽考试时间只有短短的20 分钟,但听力试题却占有30 分的分值,而且没有复查的机会,可谓是性价比高却易丢分的题型。从某种意义上讲,得听力者得英语。因此,了解高考英语听力试题的命题规律,掌握听力试题的应试技巧,对教师的日常听力教学、指导学生复习备考和进行原创听力命题都有着至关重要的意义。下面让我们通过本文一起解码如何原创高中英语听力题。
万变不离其宗,听力素材的选择亦是如此。《考试大纲》中的功能意念项目表以及话题项目表为我们选择听力素材指明了方向。首先,我们要了解高考听力素材具备的特点:
1.高考听力的选材以真实性和交际性为原则,语言材料一般来自于英语国家的真实生活场景,较口语化,对话内容取材于日常生活,即衣、食、住、行、工作、学习、天气、生活环境等话题,这些话题按场景可分为校园、公共场所、家庭等方面,如:shopping,finding the way,doing one’s homework,seeing a doctor,making a phone call,weather report,asking for different kinds of information 等。并且高考英语听力的十段材料话题不重复,具体参照下表:
近三年高考英语全国卷Ⅰ听力话题统计表
2.高考英语听力材料一般先短后长,先易后难。考虑到试题的整体分布,偶尔也会出现先长后短的情况。第一节短对话,一般为一个回合(一问一答)或者一个半回合,最多不超过两个回合。长对话后的几个小题设置一般均匀分布在对话的每个回合里,很少出现一个回合包含两个考点的情况。文本的总词数控制在820~ 950。近三年高考英语全国卷Ⅰ听力对话回合数及文本词数见下表:
另外,听力材料中的词汇几乎都是考纲词汇,但也开始出现熟词生义的词汇甚至一些派生词。比如:2019 年全国卷ⅠText 4 中“M:Hello,my name is John Arber.And I’m calling to ask about the position advertised in Friday’s Daily Mail.W:Yes,the position is still open.You could come over and have a talk with us.”此 处open 为 形容词,意为“(机会、工作等)可用的,可拥有的”。2019 年全国卷ⅠText 8 中“W:...,all of which have been an invaluable help to me in radio and television reporting.”此处invaluable 为形容词,意为“无价的,宝贵的”,是考纲词汇valuable 的派生词。
了解了高考英语听力素材的特点后,接下来要做的就是从英文网站搜罗符合上述特征的长、短对话和独白的素材,并进行查重。
选好听力素材且查重合格后,要对素材进行改编以命制相应试题。改编时应注意以下原则:
1.扫除听力材料中的词汇障碍
听力材料中的词汇几乎都是考纲词汇或其派生词,因此改编的时候,先要过词汇关。生僻词或超纲词汇要以易代难,用同义词或者同义词组进行替换。
2.适当调整文章的长短
拿到一篇素材,先要预设命制试题的大概个数。然后根据要求,删除赘余的内容,适当增加细节信息,以便于学生理解。
3.注重整体内容的连贯性
在进行听力测验时,因看不到文字信息,学生易出现注意力不集中的现象。因此,改编后的素材要符合学生的认知水平,注重素材整体内容的连贯性,突出口语交际的真实性和实用性。
《考试大纲》提出要以语言的运用为出发点,多场景,多角度地考查考生的语言交际能力。
1.高考听力题干的设置
纵观近年高考英语试题,其设问体现了多样化的特点,5W1H(what,when,where,why,who,how)得到了充分的运用,其中以what 进行设问的一般占10~14 个,其他设问均衡分布。另外,听力题干不再是对单一的人称the man,the woman,the speaker 进行设问,而是出现了真实姓名,如2019 年全国卷Ⅰ中的Jack,James,Mary 等。听力试题的设置完全从《考试大纲》出发,从四个角度综合考查学生能力。从近三年高考英语全国卷Ⅰ听力试题来看,考点分布如下:
从上表可以看出,获取事实性的具体信息和对所听内容做出简单推断占总量的80%左右。
理解主旨要义,要求考生整体把握和全面领会所听内容。常见的设问形式:What are the speakers talking about?What does the speaker mainly talk about?What is the conversation about?
获取事实性的具体信息,要求考生理解听力材料的细节,如时间、价钱、目的、原因、结果等,同时,还要注意对所听信息进行简单处理,如数字运算、同义转换、比较筛选等。常见的设问形式:What will the woman do tomorrow?How does the woman go to work?When did the speaker take English classes?Why does the woman meet the man?How much will the woman pay for her room per night?Why is Emily mentioned in the conversation?How long did James run his business?
对所听内容做出简单推断,要求考生根据对话内容,推断人物身份、对话双方的关系或对话发生的场合、地点等。常见的设问形式:What’s the probable relationship between the speakers?What will the woman probably do next?What does the woman mean?Where does the conversation probably take place?
理解说话者的意图、观点和态度,要求考生揣摩对话双方的话外音,对说话者的意图、观点和态度进行判断。常见的设问形式:What does the man say about...?How does the speaker feel about...?What does the woman think of...?What is Kate’s attitude toward her mother’s decision?
高考听力的题干设置遵循简洁、明了的原则,题干长度一般不超过8 个词,偶尔会有9 词以上的情况。不会出现生僻词,没有复合句的复杂结构,以免增加学生的阅读负担。选项设置能用短语则不用句子,能用省略形式则不用完整结构。如:
(2019 年全国卷Ⅰ)16.Why does the woman speak of a study?
A.To encourage the man.
B.To recommend an exercise.
C.To support her findings.
该题以why 进行设问,选项设置并未使用because...作为答语,而是使用不定式短语,使得选项简单化。
另外,要注意高考题干中一般不出现否定词not,基本以肯定形式设问。
2.正确选项和干扰项的设置
听力试题的正确选项多数是直接给出,也有一些通过同义替换、简单计算、归纳总结得出,而干扰项一般是对听力文本进行信息加工,要么张冠李戴,要么无中生有。听力答案多数是按顺序呈现在文本材料里,不会声东击西,让考生摸不到头脑。
(1)设置正确选项常用的方法:
同义替换:把材料中的关键词换成意义相近的词,变成正确选项。
如:(2018 年全国卷Ⅰ)6.What does the woman regret?
A.Giving up her research.
B.Dropping out of college.
C.Changing her major.
听力原文:
W:The biggest mistake I made,uh,was leaving college in my last year and not completing my education.So I’m thinking of going back to school.
M:School?To study what?
W:Ecology.I’m interested in the relationship between humans and nature.
M:Cool.Is it what you studied years ago?
M:No.I majored in chemistry then.
该题考查学生获取事实性具体信息的能力,其正确选项的设置采用同义替换的形式,使用“dropping out of college”替换了原文中的“leaving college”,并且干扰项的设置均与材料内容相关。
简单计算:一般为数字题。根据材料信息,进行加减运算,得出正确选项。
如:(2019 年全国卷Ⅰ)17.How much time will the man probably spend exercising weekly?
A.300 minutes.
B.150 minutes.
C.75 minutes.
听力原文:
...
W:The study showed that people who put in 300 minutes a week of exercise had a 20% lower risk of death due to heart disease.Still,the people who exercised 150 minutes a week did pretty well too,lowering their death risk by 14%.
M:And what about the people who exercise half as much as that,like what I probably do?Does that help?
W:Of course,even 15 minutes would help.
该题考查学生获取事实性具体信息的能力,其正确选项需要简单运算得出。材料中“...half as much as that like what I probably do.”为答题关键信息点。150 minutes的一半,即75 minutes。故选C。
归纳总结:需要对听力材料进行分析,总结出正确选项。
如:(2018 年全国卷Ⅰ)2.What can we say about the woman?
A.She’s generous.
B.She’s curious.
C.She’s helpful.
听力原文:
M:Hello.Do you have The Best of Mozart?
W:Um,sorry,we’ve just sold out,but we can order one for you.If you give us your number,we’ll call you when the CD arrives.
该题考查学生理解说话者的意图、观点和态度的能力,需要考生通过对话内容归纳总结出“the woman”的品质。
(2)设置干扰选项常用的方法:
张冠李戴:把原来做该事的“张三”换成“李四”,而所述细节却与原文一致,但不符合题干要求。
如:(2017 年全国卷Ⅰ)5.What is the man going to do?
A.Go on the Internet.
B.Make a phone call.
C.Take a train trip.
听力原文:
W:I wish I knew the time of the trains to London.But our phone is out of order.
M:Don’t worry,Grandma.I will find out for you on the Internet.
W:Thank you.
该题干扰项B、C 提到的“phone”,“train”都是有关“woman”的信息,却换成了“man”执行,属于张冠李戴。
无中生有:以材料中的某个词为出发点,赋予一些非文本内容,或者似是而非的信息,制造干扰。
如:(2017 年全国卷Ⅰ)2.How will Susan spend most of her time in France?
A.Traveling around.
B.Studying at a school.
C.Looking after her aunt.
听力原文:
M:Susan,I heard you are going to France,how long will you be staying there?
W:A whole year.My aunt lives there.I’m going to do a one-month course at a language school and spend the rest of time traveling.
该题考查学生获取事实性具体信息的能力,其干扰项B 来自“do a one-month course at a language school”,而干扰项C 完全属于无中生有。文本中提到“My aunt lives there.”,该选项则用“my aunt”做文章,制造干扰。
了解了高考英语听力试题的命题特点之后,便可以小试牛刀,尝试原创命题了。以下这篇文章来自可可英语网,对话发生在旅馆,内容是预订房间,符合原创命题的选材标准。
原文:
A.Hello,reservation desk.How can I help you?
B.I’d like to book a room.
A.What kind of room would you like,Ma’am?We got single rooms,double rooms,standard rooms,suites and deluxe suites.
B.What’s the rate for a standard room?
A.$79 a night.
B.I’d like a standard room.
A.What date would you check in,Ma’am?
B.December 23rd,please.
A.How long do you plan to stay?
B.4 days.
A.Could you give me your name and phone number?
B.Nancy Brown.My phone number’s 709 678 5634.Nancy Brown。
A.Thanks.What time will you arrive?
B.Around 3pm.
A.Very good.Your reservation confirmation number is NB13579.Thank you for booking in our hotel.Can I help you with anything else today?
B.No,that’s it.Thank you very much.
改编:
我们可以看出以上材料答语简单、内容有限。如果要命制3~4 个小题,内容量是远远不够的。因此,要根据场景,删除无用信息,适当添加细节。考虑到要根据本文段命制一道数字计算题,笔者在答语$79 a night 后增加了一些优惠信息,便于进行简单计算。另外,增加了旅馆的温馨提示、顾客福利等内容。总之,要结合所选材料,兼顾词数、设题点、词汇的选用等方面进行改编。下文加黑的部分为改编部分。
M:Hello,Reservation Desk.How can I help you?
W:I’d like to book a room.
M:What kind of room would you like,Ma’am?We have single rooms,double rooms,and standard rooms.
W:What’s the rate for a standard room?
M:$79 a day.But if you reserve for more than two days,then $75 a day.
W:OK.I’d like a standard room for three days.
M:What date would you check in,Ma’am?
W:December 23,please.
M:Good.Please remember the check-in time is 2 pm that very day.If you get here before that time,the room won’t be ready.
W:I see.By the way,do you have any specials for your guests?
M:Absolutely.We offer free breakfast,free parking and wake-up calls except the entertainment facilities.
W:All right.
M:Very good.Your reservation confirmation number is NB13579.Thank you for booking in our hotel.
命题:
首先,通读素材,对所命题的部分用斜体标出,使得考点分布均匀。其次,要找好设题点,比如对材料中的to do...,可以以Why...进行设问;当出现多个信息并列的时候,可以考查学生的听力排查能力,关注文中的but,however,once,now 等信息,以what 进行设问;材料中有数字的时候,可以考查学生的听辨数字和简单计算的能力;对其中评价性的语言,可以考查学生推断观点、态度的能力等。笔者将上述改编好的素材命题如下:
M:Hello,Reservation Desk.How can I help you?
W:I’d like to book a room.
M:What kind of room would you like,Ma’am?We have single rooms,double rooms,and standard rooms.
W:What’s the rate for a standard room?
M:$79 a day.But if you reserve for more than two days,then $75 a day.
W:OK.I’d like a standard room for three days.
M:What date would you check in,Ma’am?
W:December 23,please.
M:Good.Please remember the check-in time is 2 pm that very day.If you get here before that time,the room won’t be ready.
W:I see.By the way,do you have any specials for your guests?
M:Absolutely.We offer free breakfast,free parking and wake-up calls except the entertainment facilities.
W:All right.
M:Very good.Your reservation confirmation number is NB13579.Thank you for booking in our hotel.
1.How much should the woman pay for the room altogether?
A.$225.
B.$229.
C.$237.
2.What is the best time for the woman to check in?
A.At 1:30 pm,Dec.23.
B.At 2:00 pm,Dec.22.
C.At 2:00 pm,Dec.23.
3.Which of the specials can the woman have in this hotel?
A.Free lunch.
B.Free parking.
C.Entertainment facilities.
第1 小题的命制,在于考查学生听辨数字、简单计算的能力。根据材料信息可知,一天的价格为$79,如果预订两天以上,每天$75。顾客想要预订三天,故做一个简单的乘法,便可得出正确答案。干扰项B 根据75×2+79设置,如果学生只抓住two days,then $75 a day,就容易算错。干扰项C 根据79×3 设置。第2、3 题均属于考查学生获取具体细节信息的能力。第2 小题根据“Please remember the check-in time is 2 pm that very day.If you get here before that time,the room won’t be ready.”可知答案。该题需要学生抓住答题关键点that very day 即Dec.23,以及check-in time,2 pm。干扰项的设置源于语境中的before that time,如果学生断章取义,就容易误选。第3 小题在于考查学生同类项排查的能力,干扰项均来自文本内容。
正所谓“狮子滚绣球,好戏在后头”,试题命制好之后,优化试题环节闪亮登场。首先,要从整体上看考点是否全面,5W1H 是否按高考呈现的比例分布,四个角度即理解主旨要义,获取事实性的具体信息,对所听内容做出简单推断,理解说话者的意图、观点和态度,是否均已命题,且分配是否合理;其次,要看正确选项是否分布均匀,选项A、B、C 是否是按6、7、7;7、6、7 或7、7、6 的模式呈现。最后,要逐词逐句研读听力材料和试题,看是否存在笔误导致的大小写错误,英文标点、W/M 的标注、题号等是否正确,选项是否按一定顺序排列等。
以上就是笔者关于原创听力试题的一点心得。原创之路虽然辛苦,但令我收获满满。它激励我更加深入地研究高考试题,进一步优化听力教学,提高学生的听力成绩。它给予我更多的灵感,让我以更严谨的态度投入工作。路漫漫其修远兮,吾将上下而求索。原创,我一直在路上。