巧学with复合结构 提升英语读用能力

贵州 岑耀坤

with 复合结构是高中英语阅读中常见、写作中常用的一个结构，熟练掌握和运用该结构显然对提升学生的英语读写能力十分有益。

笔者在梳理人教版《普通高中课程标准实验教科书》中的with 复合结构时，发现在Book 1 Unit 1 中有这样一个句子：Mother asked her if/whether she was very hot with so many clothes on.

该册教材“附录”中的“课文注释”对该句作了如下注解：

“with 后面常跟复合结构，中间可包含副词、现在分词、过去分词、介词短语等，在句子中起状语作用。如：

The young mother came downstairs with her baby boy in her arms.What a lovely picture!年轻的母亲怀抱男婴走下楼梯，这是多么美好的一幅画面呀！

With Tim away,we will have more room.蒂姆不在，我们的空间会多一些。”

虽然教材限于篇幅，对with 复合结构的注解较为简略，但在Book 1 Unit 1 中向学生介绍该结构，足以说明with复合结构的重要性。下面笔者结合高三英语复习教学实践，谈谈教师如何帮助学生巧学、巧用with 复合结构。

一、梳理教材例句，拾珠成串看用法

在进一步梳理了《普通高中课程标准实验教科书》必修教材中含有with 复合结构的句子后，笔者将这些句子融合到一个具体语境中，以便学生更好地体会with 复合结构的用法，具体呈现如下：

Last November,I was travelling in Mexico with Tom so we happened to have a chance to celebrate the Day of the Dead with local people.①On this important feast day,people eat food in the shape of skulls and cakes with“bones”on them.(Book 3 Unit 1)However,both Tom and I weren’t used to the food.We thought long and hard about how we could eat healthily.Tom finally said to me,“②Perhaps we ought to combine our ideas and provide a balanced menu with food full of energy and fibre.(Book 3 Unit 2)”Then he decided to go and buy some vegetables.On his way to the market,the weather changed suddenly and he couldn’t move on.③Instead he and another man were hiding in a small hut during a snowstorm with nothing to eat.(Book 4 Unit 3)Faced with the man,Tom tried to communicate with him with body language.When he later talked about this,he said,“④With so many cultural differences between people,it is great to have some similarities in body language.(Book 4 Unit 4)”After eating,I began to read.I soon found it hard to understand this sentence:⑤He placed a fixed sun at the centre of the solar system with the planets going round it and only the moon still going round the earth.(Book 5 Unit 1)

以上5 个含有with 复合结构的句子除第③句的时态由are 改为were 以外，其余各句笔者均未做任何变动，而是在一个新的语境中原汁原味地呈现教材中含有with 复合结构的句子，以达到强化学生对其理解与记忆的效果，在此基础上笔者将with 复合结构的用法总结如下：

（一）当with 复合结构中的宾语与宾语补足语存在逻辑上的主动关系，且宾语补足语表示状态意义时，通常用名词、形容词、介词短语或副词充当宾语补足语。

1.with+宾语+名词

There is a tall white building in the center of London with the name Bush House.（作后置定语，修饰中心名词a tall white building）

Since his wife passed away,the old man has lived alone with the dog his only companion.（作状语，表示伴随状况）

2.with+宾语+形容词

With online shopping increasingly popular,the Internet is seen as an efficient way of reaching target customers.（作状语，表示原因）

It’s quite strange that the man sleeps with his mouth closed and his eyes open.（作状语，表示伴随状况）

3.with+宾语+介词短语

Tired,Jim was fast asleep with his back against a big tree.（作状语，表示伴随状况）

I like this house with a beautiful garden in front,but I don’t have enough money to buy it.（作后置定语，修饰this house）

4.with+宾语+副词

For those with family members far away,the personal computer and the phone are important in staying connected.（作后置定语，修饰代词those）

The thief stood before the policeman with his head down,admitting what he had done.（作状语，表示行为方式）

（二）当with 复合结构中的宾语与宾语补足语存在逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系（即宾语是宾语补足语的施动者或承受者），且表示将要发生的动作时，通常用不定式一般式的主动形式（to do）作宾语补足语。

5.with+宾语+不定式（to do）

With piles of work to do,the boss could not afford the time for an outing with his employees this weekend.（表示原因，宾语与补足语存在逻辑上的动宾关系）

With no one to help me,I had to do it on my own.（表示原因，宾语与补足语存在逻辑上的主谓关系）

（三）当with 复合结构中的宾语与宾语补足语存在逻辑上的主动关系，且宾语补足语所表示的动作正在进行时，用现在分词一般式的主动形式（doing）。当宾语与宾语补足语存在逻辑上的被动关系，且宾语补足语所表示的被动动作正在发生时，用现在分词一般式的被动形式（being done）。

6.with+宾语+现在分词（doing/being done）

With a local villager leading the way,they went into the forest searching for the missing boy.（表示条件，宾语与补足语存在逻辑上的主动关系）

With more forests being destroyed,huge quantities of good earth are being washed away each year.（表示原因，宾语与补足语存在逻辑上的被动关系）

（四）当with 复合结构中的宾语与宾语补足语存在逻辑上的动宾关系，且宾语补足语所表示的动作已经发生时，用过去分词（done）作宾语补足语。若作宾语补足语的过去分词来源于不及物动词，则只表示动作完成，不表示被动的动作。

7.with+宾语+过去分词

With my English dictionary gone,I had to buy a new one the other day.（表示原因，宾语补足语来源于不及物动词go，过去分词gone 仅表示动作完成）

With lots of trees and flowers planted here and there,the city looks very beautiful.（表示伴随状况，宾语补足语来源于及物动词plant，过去分词planted 既表示被动，又表示动作完成）

经过上述笔者对with 复合结构用法的梳理后，分析教材中的5 个例句对学生来说轻而易举。第①句中“with‘bones’on them”是“with+宾语+介词短语”结构作后置定语，修饰cakes；第②句中“with food full of energy and fibre”是“with+宾语+形容词短语”结构作后置定语，修饰menu；第③句中的“with nothing to eat”是“with+宾语+不定式”结构作状语，表示伴随状况；第④句中的“With so many cultural differences between people”是“with+宾语+介词短语”结构作状语，表示原因；第⑤句中的“with the planets going round it and only the moon still going round the earth”是“with+宾语+现在分词”结构作状语，表示行为方式。

二、利用思维导图，结构用法记心间

通过上面的梳理，我们知道：with 复合结构的具体表现形式是“with+宾语（名词/代词）+宾语补足语”。由于名词、形容词、介词短语、不定式、分词（现在分词和过去分词）以及副词均可作宾语补足语（简记为“名、形、介短、不、分、副，它们都可作宾补”），故该结构共有七种表现形式。with 复合结构的句法功能：1.作后置定语，修饰其前的名词；2.作状语，表示伴随状况、原因、条件、结果或行为方式等。而思维导图具有简明、脉络清晰的特点，能够很好地将知识结构网络化。为了帮助学生更高效、持久地记忆with 复合结构的用法，笔者将其以思维导图的形式呈现给学生，具体如下：

三、链接高考真题，明确结构助理解

在新课程标准背景下，语言测试基本都是以语篇为基础，考查学生理解语篇和产出语篇的能力。通过研读2019 年高考英语真题，我们可以了解with 复合结构在语篇阅读中被直接或间接考查的情况。因此，熟练掌握其用法，对于提升学生的阅读理解能力十分重要。具体请看以下例句：

【例1】I find a 47 mountain,with toilets at camps and along the paths.（2019 年全国卷Ⅰ，完形填空，47）

47.A.remote B.quiet

C.tall D.clean

【例2】In my husband’s hand was my wallet,with not a penny 20 .（2019 年天津卷，完形填空，20）

20.A.missing B.returned

C.remaining D.abandoned

【例3】Money with no strings attached.It’s not something you see every day.But at Union Station in Los Angeles last month,a board went up with dollar bills attached to it with pins and a sign that read,“Give What You Can,Take What You Need.”（2019 年浙江卷，阅读理解B，24）

24.What does the expression“Money with no strings attached.”in Paragraph 1 mean?

A.Money spent without hesitation.

B.Money not legally made.

C.Money offered without conditions.

D.Money not tied together.

【例4】His effort to reunite families with lost medals began with a Christmas gift from his mother,a Purple Heart with the name Corrado A.G.Piccoli,found in an antique shop.（2019 年浙江卷，阅读理解A）

以上4 个例句中，前三句的考查点与with 复合结构有直接或间接的关系，第4 句涉及对with 复合结构“with the name Corrado A.G.Piccoli”的理解，具体分析如下：

例1：D。句中的with 复合结构“with toilets at camps and along the paths”是“with+宾语+介词短语”结构作原因状语。句意：因为营地和沿途均有厕所，我看到的是一座干净的山。还可从前文了解到乞力马扎罗山的环境污染情况已经发生了很大的变化，从而得出结论。

例2：A。句中的with 复合结构“with not a penny missing”是“with+宾语+形容词”结构作伴随状语。前文交代作者的钱包遗失在公交车上，两小时后一位女士登门送钱包，从下文“作者还没来得及感谢她”可知，钱包里的钱并没有丢失，此处选形容词missing 作宾语补足语表示状态，符合语境。

例3：C。句 中 的with 复 合 结 构“with no strings attached”作后置定语，修饰money。根据下文：一块有用别针将钞票固定在其上的板子竖起来，一块标牌上写着“献出你所能的，拿走你所需的”可知，其意为“没有附加条件的钱”。句中另一处with 复合结构“with dollar bills attached to it with pins”也是作后置定语，修饰主语“a board”，被谓语动词“went up”分隔开。

例4：句中的with 复合结构“with the name Corrado A.G.Piccoli”是“with+宾语+名词”结构作后置定语，修饰a Purple Heart。句意：他所做的要将众多家庭跟遗失的勋章团聚起来的努力始于母亲曾经送给他的一份礼物——一枚在古董店里找到的刻有Corrado A.G.Piccoli 名字的紫心勋章。

通过对上述各例句中with 复合结构的分析，学生可以清晰地理解语句的含义，从而快速、准确地解答相应试题。

四、巧设多种练习，提升结构应用力

笔者设计了以下语法填空题和短文改错题，旨在强化学生对with 复合结构的识别、判断和应用能力。此外，笔者还设计了句子改写的练习，旨在培养学生在写作中使用with 复合结构的思维能力，从而丰富作文句式，增加得分亮点。

（一）阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1 个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

At the age of nine,I moved to France with my parents.Before arriving there,I had been studying at a school with not a teacher 1(speak)French.At first,I couldn’t make myself understood and with no one 2(talk)to,I felt like a fish out of water.Luckily,all my classmates at the new school learnt English.To improve their English,they tried to communicate with me and we became friends.With our homework 3(finish),we often played football together after school.What a wonderful time we had!Believe it or not, 4 these friendly classmates around me,I picked up French.

答案：1.speaking;2.to talk;3.finished;4.with

（二）请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有4 处语言错误，每句中最多有两处。每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。

Mr.and Mrs.Smith live next to me.The old couple often take a walk after supper in the park with their pet dog follows them.Yesterday,they invited me to have a dinner,and with my homework were finished,I gladly accepted it.The moment I entered their house,I found their living room clean and tidy,as a dining table already laid for a meal to be cooked.That moment,I felt quite happy so kind a couple as my neighbor.

答案：1.第二句follows→following；2.第三句去掉were；3.第四句as→with；4.第五句在so 前加with

（三）用with 复合结构改写下列句子，每空一词，使下一句与上一句意思相同。

1.You have no idea how she finished the relay race,because her foot was wounded so much.

You have no idea how she finished the relay race________________so much.

2.As Father’s Day is around the corner,I have taken some money out of the bank to buy presents for my dad.

________________________,I have taken some money out of the bank to buy presents for my dad.

3.The world changes so fast that we have something new to deal with all by ourselves every day.

____________________,we have something new to deal with all by ourselves every day.

4.Since there was no one to turn to,I had to ask Professor Smith for help.

________________________,I had to ask Professor Smith for help.

答案：1.with her foot wounded;2.With Father’s Day around the corner;3.With the world changing fast;4.With no one to turn to

通过梳理教材中with 复合结构的应用以及高考真题对该结构的考查情况，可以看出with 复合结构的用法不容忽视。因此，熟练掌握该结构对学生分析阅读中的长难句、透彻理解句意很有帮助，在书面表达中能自如使用该结构也是增加得分亮点的要素之一。